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HISTORY OF TECHNOLOGY, TECHNOLOGY, OBJECTS AROUND US
Braille. History of invention and production
Directory / The history of technology, technology, objects around us Braille is a tactile font designed for writing and reading by blind people.
The chain of events that led to the emergence of Braille began during the Crusades of the French King Louis IX. Having suffered a crushing defeat in the crusades, the king returned to Paris with the confidence that God was teaching him humility. With this belief, he founded the world's first asylum for the blind "Quinze-Vingts" (in Russian "fifteen points"). The first guests of the shelter were 300 knights blinded during campaigns. In the future, the shelter served as a refuge for the homeless blind. The St. Ovid's Fair was one of the most spectacular places in Paris. From August 14 to September 15, every year street vendors, circus performers, puppeteers demonstrated their skills here. In 1771, a young man named Valentine Howey visits a fair and gives alms to a blind boy. To his amazement, the boy named the denomination of the coin. So Howie realized that the blind can comprehend reading and writing with the help of touch. 12-year-old beggar Francois Lesueur becomes his first student. Valentine taught him to read, first using embossed wooden letters to form words. Francois was a talented student and after 6 months he learned to touch the printed pages. Howie introduced the student to the Royal Academy, where his skill stunned the pundits. This is how the relief-linear font appeared. People ran their fingers over the raised (embossed) letters, folded them into words and sentences. The revolutionary invention began to spread in the world. In 1806, Valentin Howey arrived in St. Petersburg at the invitation of Alexander I. The St. Petersburg Institute for Blind Children, founded by V. Howey, began to publish books: this was the beginning of the existence of the first library for the blind in Russia. Inventors - followers of Howie used a fundamentally wrong premise: "what is convenient for those who see is convenient for the blind." According to the Howey system, it was necessary to "read" standard raised letters, which quite often had intricate outlines. Inventors first began to offer raised fonts with original or simplified letter styles. In 1831, the Englishman James Gaul introduced angular embossed type, which was used for a time in a blind asylum. Alston from Edinburgh proposed his own type, based on the Latin alphabet. Alston's font closely resembles one of today's computer fonts, Arial. Inventive thought did not stand still, and in 1838 Lucas offers original "squiggles". This system is a kind of shorthand. The letters are arbitrarily chosen and consist of lines with or without a dot at one end. The Lucas system has never been used for teaching. Dr. Moon, in his typeface of 1845, tried to preserve the basic forms of the Latin alphabet. His system was used as early as the beginning of the XNUMXth century. But despite the seeming simplicity of the outline, all existing systems had common drawbacks - too much time to read and the high cost of making books. Louis Braille was born in January 1809 in the small French town of Couvre. As a child, he accidentally injured his eye with a saddlery knife and went blind. In 1819, Louis was enrolled in the Paris School for the Blind. The training was based on the books of the Howey system, very large and expensive. The school in Paris had only 14 such books, which Louis successfully perused, feeling each letter. Howey's system was imperfect. It took several seconds to feel each letter, and when a person reached the end of a sentence, he almost forgot what happened at the beginning. Louis realized that he needed to find a way to read quickly and easily. And again the case helped. At the time, the French army was using the original letter code of artillery officer Charles Barbier to deliver night messages. Messages could not be written on paper, because in order to be read, one had to light a match, and therefore unmask. The letters were holes punched in cardboard. It was much easier to read such a letter than giant books with embossed letters. Louis mastered this method, but he also saw its shortcomings. The army code was slow, and only one or two sentences fit on the page, which was good for transmitting enemy coordinates, but absolutely not suitable for writing. Barbier's invention gave Louis a creative impetus, and he created a system of relief-dot writing, which made it possible to write letters and numbers, chemical and physical signs. In 1824, he introduced a "cell" consisting of two vertical rows of 3 characters each. This gave 63 combinations. By feeling each cell, a person can quickly and reliably recognize each letter. This, of course, is easier than touching several lines of Howey's embossed letters. One great scientist said that every discovery or invention goes through 3 stages in its development. The initial reaction of others: "this is nonsense - this cannot be, because this can never be." Then - "there is something in this", and then - "everyone knows it." Braille also faced this. In 1829, he proposed his system to the council of the institute, but the council rejected it. The main argument was that the developed font is inconvenient for sighted teachers. Despite the disapproval of pundits, Braille implements its own script. Among the common people, his system is becoming more and more popular, and in 1837 the council again returns to its consideration. This time, Braille received support. They tried to ignore the invention of Braille, then unsuccessfully sought to rework, but in the end it was recognized all over the world that the Braille writing system for the blind developed was the best. Braille also creates a special device for writing (resembling a perforator), which, with minor changes, has come down to our time. In Russia, the first book on the Braille system was published by A. A. Adler in 1885. Louis Braille died on January 6, 1852 and is buried in his hometown of Couvre. In May 1887, a monument created by the famous French sculptor Leroux was unveiled in Couvre. To depict letters in Braille, 6 dots are used, arranged in two columns, 3 in each. One of the characteristics of Braille is that the text is written from right to left, then the page is turned over and the text is read from left to right. When writing, dots are pierced, and since you can only read on raised dots, you have to "write" the text from the back of the sheet. This is one of the difficulties in learning this font.
Modern displays for the blind operate as follows. Braille cells are arranged in a row. The text is converted into signals, some rods in the cells are extended, a person runs his finger through all the cells and reads the words. These displays weigh more than a kilogram and cost more than $2. The question arises - have the devices reached their peak of development or can new solutions be found? The main disadvantages when working with Braille fonts are the slow reading speed of the text and the inability to communicate in real time. Progress in creating more and more perfect ways of communication goes along the path of increasing the speed of letter recognition. At first there were relief-linear fonts (Hauie's raised letters). They were replaced by embossed dot fonts (Braille). Possible next step: one dot - one character. Reflecting and experimenting, the author noticed one interesting feature of human perception. If 6 points are placed on each phalanx of a person’s fingers, then when pressing on individual points with, say, the tip of a pencil, a person will be able to say exactly where this happened. And this means that by placing 4 pressing elements (for example, micro-solenoids) on each of the 6 fingers (the big one does not count for one important reason), you can get a total of 72 elements, and the layout of the keys can correspond to the location of the QWERTY keyboard (standard layout of a computer or typewriter keyboard). Elements can be placed on a glove or in fingertips, and instead of pressure elements, thermal elements or weak electrical discharges can be used. Of course, using a glove just to get information is not profitable. Pressing elements can also be used as buttons. Then with the same glove it will be possible to enter information into the computer by pressing the corresponding buttons with the thumb. Moreover, we get an adaptive keyboard, where the buttons themselves, located on the fingers, move towards the thumb. This will reduce the range of motion of the fingers. This, in turn, will reduce the time of pressing the key, since both fingers will move in a coordinated manner towards each other. And by equipping gloves with a simple speech synthesizer or display, you can solve the problem of communication for the dumb and deaf. Unlike standard devices, the glove is small, easy to use and can be connected to various I/O devices. Another idea is to stay with the familiar Blind Braille, but make the letters "run". Using the "glove" technology, it is possible to make a fingertip consisting of a Braille matrix, and sequentially submit letter by letter. Thus, reading will be carried out. You can also place 4 Braille elements on 2 fingers. Advantages of the proposed information input-output device:
the ability to work in a variety of postures (ergonomics). The possibilities of connecting television cameras directly to the endings of the optic nerves are being explored. The first positive results have been obtained, but this technology is only in the testing stage and can be applied to a limited number of people, so tactile devices are indispensable. Scientists in their research go further. For example, the Krishnakutti Satya group from Emory University studied the brain function of the blind when they read texts printed in Braille. Scanning the brains of test subjects, scientists have found that when you feel the letters with your fingers, the visual centers of the brain work - and in exactly the same way as in people who read the text with their eyes. A magnetic resonance scan of their brains at that moment showed that the visual centers were working just as actively as the tactile ones. What this means is not yet clear, but the fact is very interesting. Due to a number of design features of Braille, some changes in grammar rules have been made in a letter based on it. As a result, a person who has been trained in Braille, who is also commonly called a "Brailist", can subsequently make a number of characteristic mistakes when writing ordinary text, for example, if a blind person enters text on a computer adapted for work without the help of vision. In general, the following differences in Braille writing can be distinguished:
Without special additional training, a blind person always makes such mistakes when typing in plain text, since in Braille they are standard rules. Author: S.Apresov
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