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HISTORY OF TECHNOLOGY, TECHNOLOGY, OBJECTS AROUND US
Passenger liner Boeing-777. History of invention and production
Directory / The history of technology, technology, objects around us Boeing 777 (Triple Seven or T7 - "three sevens") - a family of wide-body passenger aircraft for long-haul airlines. The aircraft was developed in the early 1990s, made its first flight in 1994, and has been in operation since 1995. Aircraft of this type are capable of accommodating from 305 to 550 passengers, depending on the configuration of the cabins, and have a flight range of 9,1 to 17,5 thousand kilometers. The Boeing 777 set the absolute distance record for passenger aircraft: 21 km. The Boeing 777 is the world's largest twin-engine jet passenger aircraft. Its General Electric GE90 engines are the largest and most powerful jet engines in aviation history. A distinctive feature is also the six-wheel landing gear.
In Seattle, at one of the aircraft factories owned by the Boeing company, the first jet Boeing 707 is laid up forever. It was the second turbojet aircraft after the Soviet Tu-104. "707" started regular passenger transportation later than "Carcass" for two years - in 1958. Both of them became the founders of a galaxy of fundamentally new liners of the fifth ocean. Today, if you happen to fly to the United States, then most likely you will get on board a Boeing aircraft. Alas, almost the whole world now flies on Boeings, and not on Tupolevs. The reason is simple: the products of the Boeing corporation are more comfortable, more economical and more reliable than the equipment of most other aircraft manufacturers in the world. Boeing's only serious competitor is the European concern Airbus Industry. In 1995, at the Le Bourget International Air Show, the Americans literally “crushed” their competitors. First, a mysterious B-2 bomber, in the development of which Boeing took part, suddenly appeared in the sky of Le Bourget, then a giant Boeing 777 landed on the airfield to the nearest second. And what finally "finished off" the competitors was the fact that the Americans installed a full-size model of the newest Airbus in the cabin of their liner and invited visitors to compare the amenities on board both aircraft. Comments were unnecessary. However, the life path of the Boeing was not always smooth. At times, the company was forced to lay off employees, instead of aircraft, produce furniture and high-speed boats, gas turbines and windmill generators. But the company has always been faithful to the aircraft and, at every opportunity, released a new original model, which invariably became the "favorite" of not only passengers, but also pilots. Vyacheslav Kim, a pilot who has flown many hours on Boeing, says: "Boeing crews consist of only two people: the commander and the co-pilot. The rest of the people are replaced by electronic equipment, which is very simple and convenient to work with. The Boeing can land, brake and stop on the runway automatically. Control over the operation of the systems of the "organism" of the aircraft is provided by electronics, and there is always a backup, insurance system. One computer failed, the second can handle it alone. The cockpit on Boeings is much more convenient and comfortable than on our planes. Excellent visibility, low noise level, excellent air conditioning. The rationality of each movement is calculated, the pilot does not have to reach anywhere. The position of the chair is adjustable: backrest tilt, seat height, even the length of the pedals. The main function of the pilot is the competent control of automation. Everything in the cockpit is thought out to such an extent that you sit and think how great it is that there are such planes and our pilots are already flying them." The newest model of the American corporation "Boeing-777" is the world's largest twin-engine jet passenger aircraft. In terms of all the main flight performance characteristics, it does not have and, perhaps, will not be equal among superclass airliners for a long time. The company announced the design and production of the Boeing 777 in November 1990. A large creative team - four thousand people - was involved in the work on this project. He was given the status of an independent unit - with its own administration, finance, commercial service. According to the plan of the creators of the Boeing 777, it was supposed to surpass in all defining parameters such advanced aircraft as the MD-11 of the American company McDonnell Douglas with three power plants and the four-engine A-340 of the European consortium Airbus Industry. On June 12, 1994, a Boeing 777 took off from its factory airfield in Everett, Washington, and made its first four-hour test flight. From that moment on, the company began the most voluminous series of flight tests in its almost eighty-year history. For this purpose, nine Boeing 777s were used with various engines - Pratt & Whitney, General Electric and Rolls-Royce. Mechanical, electrical and hydraulic systems were further meticulously examined on the ground in specialized laboratories. Like all aircraft of the Boeing family, the new model was developed on the principles laid down and tested in earlier models, such as the Boeing 747 and Boeing 767. At meetings-seminars and representative wide-ranging discussions, the company's designers consulted with the future operators of the new liner. As a result of such a free scientific and technical dialogue, it was possible to find an optimal and mutually acceptable concept for the planned project. For example, the decision to use eighty elements of the most important equipment operating on Boeings of the latest modifications significantly facilitated, accelerated and reduced the cost of designing and building a new generation air liner. Deliveries of the new superliner began in 1995. At the first stage of the American airline, they were received by United Airlines, which ordered 34 airliners, and the Japanese All Nippon Airways, which ordered fifteen aircraft. In total, the company's portfolio by that time already had orders for 147 Boeing-777s. "Boeing-777", of course, is impressive in size. The diameter of the perfectly round fuselage is 6,2 meters, the length is 63,7 meters. The dimensions of the liner make it easy to vary the layout of the seats at the request of the customer - from six to ten in each row with two aisles between them. The aircraft can accommodate 305-328 passengers with three service classes, 375-400 with two, and 440 with one. Under the passenger compartments on the lower deck of the aircraft there is a cargo compartment with autonomous means of mechanization, with a volume of 160 cubic meters. This includes 32 standard containers. The standard maximum takeoff weight of the aircraft is 229520 kilograms, the non-stop flight range is 7340 kilometers. Design features make it possible to increase the take-off weight to 233600 or 242670 kilograms, and the flight range, respectively, to 7850 and 8930 kilometers. Here is what civil aviation special correspondents Valentin Goltsov and Anatoly Igoshin, who were on a business trip with the Boeing company, say about the newest aircraft: "The Boeing 777 has the most aerodynamically efficient wing profile of all existing subsonic civil aircraft. This is achieved by improving the wing, first used on the Boeing 757 and Boeing 767 and having a large span (on the 777" - 60,9 meters), as well as due to its increased thickness, which plays a positive role in cruising flight. Compared to competing aircraft, such a wing allows the Boeing-777 to reach a given flight level much faster after takeoff and more economically fly to high altitudes.It also gives him the opportunity to take off with a full load from high-mountain airfields in conditions of elevated positive outdoor temperatures.Inside the wing and center section of the Boeing-777, jet fuel capacities are concentrated, the amount of which, based on aircraft design options, can vary within from 117335 to 169190 liters. The proposal of individual carriers to "fit" the Boeing-777 wing after it has landed into the standard sizes of the DK-10, Lockheed-1011 and Boeing-767 aircraft operated by them, which is necessary due to specific airfield spaces and structures, has been taken into account. By order of such future owners of the "three sevens", the ends of their wings, each 6,8 meters long, can be installed on the ground by means of articulated joints and power drives in a vertical position. This reduces the wingspan to 47,3 meters. Aircraft engines of the three types mentioned above, which are intended to equip the Boeing 777, have very good economic fuel consumption characteristics. In terms of power, they exceed by forty percent the power plants of the Boeing 767, but their noise level is approximately the same. Both are provided by the use of improved large-diameter fans in the engines on the new aircraft, having a wide chord and a bypass ratio in the ratio from 6:1 to 9:1. For engines of other modern wide-body aircraft, this ratio is usually 5:1. An important advantage of the Boeing 777 compared to other modern airliners is the use of a variety of light but extremely strong alloys and composite materials in its design. Thus, the weight of the aircraft and the cost of its production are significantly reduced. The improved aluminum alloy, for example, is not only lightweight, but also increases the structure's resistance to corrosion and cracking. Therefore, the upper wing skin and stringers are made from it. But in the vertical and horizontal plumage, elements made of graphite fibers bonded with special types of hardening resins are used. Passenger cabin floor beams, aerodynamic fairings and other parts are made of composite materials. In general, the total share of "composites" in the total weight of the entire aircraft structure is nine percent. "On the Boeing 777," Civil Aviation journalists say, "the most powerful twelve-wheel landing gear ever installed on a commercial airliner. They allow you to achieve a balanced weight distribution of the aircraft moving along the taxiways and the runway. Due to this, it was possible to avoid the introduction of an additional two-wheel landing gear under the center of the fuselage into the design. Taking into account the suggestions of the clientele, the company decided to horizontally place the instrument panels in the pilot's cabin of the Boeing 777 (this is how they are mounted on the Boeing 747-400). Basic flight, navigation and engine information is displayed on six dashboards. Two types of displays are used - with conventional cathode ray tubes and those based on liquid crystals. The latter are half as thin as cathode tube displays, they are more durable and reliable. Pilots are also satisfied that the readings of such displays are clearly distinguishable even when exposed to sunlight. On the dashboard of the Boeing-777, in its central part, there are three multi-purpose control panels with displays. They display all the information about the flight of the aircraft coming from the integrated control system. For the first time, color displays were used here. They make it easier for pilots to perceive the whole complex of information coming to them: about the general condition of the aircraft, the need for repair operations on it, the operation of control and communication systems, and engine thrust. The design and production of the Boeing 777 made extensive use of international experience and assistance from aerospace companies in the US, Europe, Canada, Asia and the Pacific. A significant contribution to the creation of this aircraft was made by the head firms of the Japanese aerospace industry - Mitsubishi, Kawasaki and Fuji Heavy Industries. With their intellectual and financial support, about twenty percent of the aircraft structure was built. Without such a friendly mutual interest of customers, foreign investors, suppliers of materials and individual parts of the aircraft, the operational development and practical implementation of such a financially capacious and technically complex project would be seriously hampered and stretched out in time. Author: Musskiy S.A.
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