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HISTORY OF TECHNOLOGY, TECHNOLOGY, OBJECTS AROUND US
Elevator. History of invention and production
Directory / The history of technology, technology, objects around us An elevator is a type of lifting machine designed for vertical or inclined movement of goods on special platforms that move along rigid guides.
For the first time, the Roman architect Vitruvius wrote about the elevator, referring, in turn, to Archimedes, who built the elevator, probably as early as 236 BC. e. Later references to elevators date back to the middle of the 1795th century (the elevators of the Monastery of St. Catherine in Egypt), the first quarter of the 1816th century (in France) and the XNUMXth century (the elevator of Windsor Castle in the UK, Welayer's "Flying Chair" in one of the Parisian palaces). In the XNUMXth century, passenger elevators began to be used in the Russian Empire (elevators in the palace buildings of Tsarskoye Selo, the Kuskovo estate near Moscow, a lifting table and chair in the Hermitage in Petrodvorets). In XNUMX, I.P. Kulibin developed the design of a screw passenger elevator (lifting and descending chairs) for the Winter Palace. In XNUMX, an elevator was installed in the main house of the Arkhangelskoye estate near Moscow. The first electric elevator was patented in 1861 by the American inventor Otis. Born in 1811, Elisha Graves Otis had been fascinated with mechanics since childhood, and instead of working on a farm near Halifax, Vermont, he preferred to hang around the forge, where there were many different mechanisms. The invention of Elisha Otis gave a new impetus to the world's industry and significantly changed the face of cities
In 1852, while working for Maize & Burns, Otis was assigned to Yonkers, where plans were made to build a new multi-story factory building. Lifts for people and equipment were common at the time, but the cables often broke, and companies even had to pay workers for the risk. It was on the safety of lifts that Elisha Otis focused his attention. At first, he intended to use manual control (modeled on the wagon brake he invented). However, a person was required who constantly, without being distracted for a second, would monitor the operation of the elevator and the condition of the cable and, at the right time, actuate the brake. It was completely unrealistic, and Otis immediately abandoned the idea. In return, he introduced into the design an element that no modern elevator can do without - a catcher (elevator brake). Otis' catcher was a flat spring (spring) threaded through two lugs on the roof of the elevator. The cable was attached to the center of the spring, its tension bent the spring, and the elevator moved quietly. In the event of a cable break, the spring straightened and rested with its ends against the gear guides of the elevator shaft, stopping the elevator. On September 20, 1853, Otis founded an elevator company in Yonkers. There were few orders, because no one believed in the safety of these lifts. Therefore, in 1854, the inventor pulled off a brilliant promotion that went down in the annals of the history of technology. At the World's Fair in New York, next to the Crystal Palace building, with a full concourse of people, he personally climbed on a platform loaded with barrels and boxes to the level of the fourth floor, and then waved his hand. The assistants, who were waiting for this sign, cut the cables. The crowd below gasped and held their breath. Instead of falling, burying the passenger and cargo under the rubble, the elevator slid down less than half a meter and stopped. "Everything is safe, gentlemen!" Otis announced to the shocked visitors.
Over the next two years, his company received 40 orders, and in 1857 installed the world's first passenger elevator in a five-story building in a New York department store. In 1861, Elisha Otis died, but the business continued by his two sons is still alive - Otis Elevator Company and today remains the world's largest manufacturer of elevators and escalators. Author: S.Apresov
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