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HISTORY OF TECHNOLOGY, TECHNOLOGY, OBJECTS AROUND US
Cruise ships. History of invention and production
Directory / The history of technology, technology, objects around us Cruise liner - a ship making an international flight and carrying passengers participating in a group tourist program and placed on the ship for the purpose of short-term tourist visits according to the schedule of one or more ports open to foreign ships.
In the middle of the 30th century, shipping companies appeared, which very quickly gained a monopoly on transatlantic transportation. Ships equipped with steam engines were no longer dependent on the weather and winds and could arrive at their destinations at a predetermined time. It became possible to adhere to a certain schedule. This was a huge step forward compared to sailing ships that crossed the ocean in 100-XNUMX days. The famous English writer Charles Dickens described the little pleasures provided by the saloon of a passenger ship in the 1840s. "At one o'clock a bell tolls and a stewardess comes downstairs carrying a steaming dish of fried potatoes and another with baked apples, she also brings jelly, ham and corned beef or a steam-shrouded dish with a whole mountain of excellently cooked hot meat. We pounce on these delicacies, eat as much as possible (we now have an excellent appetite), and as long as possible we stay at the table. If a fire ignites in the stove (and sometimes it lights up), we all come in the best mood. If not, we begin to complain to each other about the cold , we rub our hands, wrap ourselves in coats and capes, and before dinner we again go to sleep, talk or read (again, if there is enough light). From the 1870s, passenger ships on the Atlantic lines began to turn into luxury floating hotels. This trend, most pronounced on the large English steamships, was the result of increasing competition from German, French and Dutch companies. In 1870, the ships Abyssinia and Algeria first had private bathrooms, and the equipment of the steamer Gallia, launched in 1879, heralded the extravagant luxury of the future. His salon was designed in the Japanese style, with jasper-red lacquered panels on which birds and flowers were painted in gold and pastel colors. There was even a fountain in the center of the smoking room. In 1880, electric light bulbs were lit for the first time on the steamship City of Berlin of the Inman Line. The ships had luxurious suites, dance, concert, sports and gambling halls, swimming pools, beauty salons, libraries. The first of the expensive ships of the new generation were the ships of the company "Cunard" - "Campania" and "Lukania", which received the "Blue Ribbon of the Atlantic" in 1893. At the turn of the XNUMXth and XNUMXth centuries, several significant innovations appeared in shipbuilding. High-quality steel becomes the material for the construction of the hull, two or four propellers are driven by a powerful steam turbine of a new design. An automatic door closing system is installed on watertight bulkheads, remotely controlled from the navigation bridge. A new epoch-making discovery, radio, has found application on ships. On March 31, 1909, the keel of perhaps the most famous ship in the world, the Titanic, was laid. And today its size is impressive. The length of the Titanic is 259,83 meters, the width is 28,19 meters, the total capacity is 46328 registered tons, and the displacement is 52310 tons with a draft of 10,54 meters. It was the largest ship ever built before it.
The Titanic had three propellers and a combined propulsion system. It consisted of two groups of four-cylinder reciprocating steam engines, which drove two three-blade side propellers, each weighing 38 tons, and a low-pressure steam turbine that rotated a four-blade middle propeller weighing 22 tons. The registered power of the steam engines and turbines was 50000 hp, but in reality it reached at least 55000 hp, which made it possible to reach speeds of more than 23 knots. The maximum speed was 25 knots. The Titanic made a lasting impression. Living rooms, wide staircases and corridors - all this looked more like a large palace than a passenger ship. In appearance and internal equipment, it was the pinnacle of shipbuilding of its time. Even despite the tragedy that befell the Titanic, representatives of the Harland and Wolf shipyard considered and still consider it the most advanced ship that the company has ever built. The Titanic had eight steel decks, located one above the other at a distance of 250-320 centimeters. Below the boat deck was deck A, 150 meters long. Almost all of it was intended for passengers of the 1st class. On this deck there was a reading room, a smoking room, a hall and a winter garden. Promenade decks were located along the sides.
On the next deck, marked B, were the millionaires' apartments, with their own promenade deck. These rooms included two bedrooms, a living room, a bathroom and an entrance hall. In the cabins, instead of the usual round portholes, there were large windows, like in a palace. Instead of steam heating radiators, charcoal-fired fireplaces were installed. The furniture and interiors of the apartments were designed by the best artists. If a 1st class ticket, including amenities, cost about 100 pounds, then in high season the cost of a one-way trip across the ocean in such apartments rose to 870 pounds, or 4350 US dollars (today it would be about 50000 dollars) . At the stern was a restaurant in the style of Louis XVI. Deck C housed the 2nd class library, cozy smoking lounge and 3rd class lounge. On D deck, there was a huge first-class restaurant with white walls, stucco ceilings and niches where families or small groups could dine in dim lighting. Two decks below, on deck G, the 3rd class restaurant was located in the center of the ship, and in front of it, on the starboard side, there was a pool measuring 10x5 meters and a Turkish bath complex with gilded relaxation rooms. A masseuse was at the service of those who visited these baths. On the deck there was also a hall for all kinds of ball games, a large court 9x6 meters and a gallery for spectators. On the Titanic, everything that could be required to satisfy the most refined desires of passengers who were accustomed to receiving maximum attention, convenience and luxury for their money was provided. They even took into account the wishes of those who were engulfed in a fashionable fad at that time - motorism. A special crane could lift the car from the pier and place it in the place allotted for it. They also took care of those passengers who might need medical assistance during the voyage. Instead of the usual ship's first aid station on the Titanic, there was a superbly equipped hospital with a modern operating room. Photographers right in the sea had the opportunity to develop their films and make prints in a room that had everything you need. For passengers of all classes there were hairdressers, which also had all the best and newest - from shampoos to dryers. Today, most passengers embark on a long voyage to see the world. Therefore, the largest ships are cruise ships. Modern cruise ships are mostly similar, their scheme can be seen on the example of the ship "Celebrity Century". It belongs to the American company "Celebrity Cruises". The vessel was built in Germany in 1995. In terms of comfort and service, it belongs to the five-star category.
The ship has 304 passenger cabins without a window and 875 cabins with a window. Including spacious cabins with verandas and jacuzzis. All cabins are comfortable, spacious enough - their area is not less than 15 square meters. They are equipped with excellent air conditioning and satellite TV. Standard cabins with a window are reminiscent of hotel rooms. Although, of course, these rooms are smaller than the usual rooms in five-star hotels. But the option without a window is very specific and leaves a not very pleasant impression. Life on the ship is arranged in such a way that passengers practically do not intersect with the crew. The lower decks are reserved for the staff, and nine upper decks are at the disposal of passengers. The open upper decks are the most important place on the ship. On the eleventh and twelfth decks there are 26 cabins, as well as two small pools, "beach" areas with sun loungers, a bar, a huge indoor buffet restaurant, a grill restaurant and an indoor sports and fitness area. There are saunas, an indoor Jacuzzi pool, massage rooms and a gym. All this occupies an area equal to about three football fields. The next three decks are entirely occupied by cabins, and you can walk here only along the corridors. There are no cabins on the seventh deck. It is entirely devoted to entertainment. There is a theater on it - a large beautiful two-level hall, which occupies two floors, as well as several shops, bars and a casino. Live music is played here in the evenings. On the seventh deck there are also open areas, a kind of long loggias, where chairs are placed, allowing you to hide from the hustle and bustle of the daytime. The sixth deck is also secular, free from cabins. On it is the continuation of the theater and the beginning of a large, also two-level, restaurant, where everyone usually gathers for dinner. The open space (in the form of a loggia-corridor) stretches along the entire deck and is called the "promenade". In the closed part there is also a conference and cinema hall, a library, bars and shops. On the ship they sell all the goods necessary for resort life, as well as jewelry. The fifth deck is partly occupied by cabins, partly given over to office space - there are directorate, bank, excursion office space and halls, the lower floor of the main restaurant and an elegant central foyer. On the fourth deck, in addition to the cabins, there is also a medical center and a playroom for children. The latest achievement in world shipbuilding is the Voyager vessel - the Wanderer of the Seas, with a displacement of 137000 tons - almost one and a half times more than its predecessor, the giant Queen Elizabeth 2. The customer of the liner is the American company Royal Caribbean, which it cost $500 million. This is the first ship in a series of three similar superliners.
In 1557 cabins, half of which have ... balconies, 3840 passengers are accommodated. The team consists of 1180 people. The vessel is 311 meters long, 48 meters wide, and 72,3 meters high from the keel to the top of the chimney. Voyager has 15 decks, 4 of which are called the Royal Promenade and are 120 meters long. They, which is very prestigious, overlook the windows of 138 cabins. As conceived by the designers, all four "Royal Promenades" resemble the "Burlington Passage" in London with shops and restaurants. There is also a "Royal Casino" on the ship. The ship's theater is named, naturally, "La Scala", and performances in it can be watched by 1350 spectators. The largest restaurant with 2100 seats occupies three decks in height. On one of the decks, a special rock 10 meters high has been built, where rock climbers can practice. There is an arena with an artificial ice rink. Voyager also provides such a service as the opportunity to get married - on the upper deck, right behind the pipe, there is a church for the newlyweds. Service is a service, but the designers of the liner proceeded from the fact that the ship should have a minimal impact on the environment and be very safe in emergency situations. Therefore, it has a workshop for the complete disposal and processing of all waste. In order not to disturb the fragile ecological system of corals during stopovers, anchors were abandoned. The vessel is held in place by a special GPS positioning system, which is connected to three unique steering columns called azipods. Technically, the azipod can be compared to a reversible aircraft engine - during an emergency stop, it allows the ship to quickly reduce speed to zero. Had the Titanic had an azipod, it would have stopped just in front of the iceberg and avoided death. Energy nodes have such a reserve and autonomy that in the event of an accident, Voyager retains half of its power. Author: Musskiy S.A.
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