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Super high pressure in a new way

09.11.2012

The science that studies the behavior of materials under extreme conditions has made a great leap forward. More recently, a method has been discovered to create ultra-high pressure without the use of shock waves that turn solids into liquids. This discovery will allow scientists for the first time to reach an unprecedented level of high static pressure of the environment - more than four million atmospheres. It can form new compounds with altered chemical and physical properties, such as metals that have become insulators.

An international team of scientists used an anvil combined with high-energy X-rays to generate high pressure. They managed to reach a pressure of 640 gigapascals. This is 50% more pressure than has ever been demonstrated before and 150% more than was available during typical high pressure experiments. Achieving such ultra-high pressure would have enormous implications for earth science, cosmology, chemistry, physics and materials science. A static pressure of 640 gigapascals is six million times the air pressure at the Earth's surface and more than one and a half times the pressure at the center of the Earth. The study of such quantities could lead to new discoveries about how the Earth was formed.

A new way to achieve ultra-high pressures was developed jointly by scientists from the University of Bayreuth in Germany, the American University of Chicago and the University of Antwerp in Belgium. Details appeared in the journal Nature.

“We are not stopping there because we expect to increase the available pressure range to terapascal values, or 10 megabars,” said Vitaly Prokopenko, author of the article and a scientist at the Center for Advanced Radiation Sources at the University of Chicago. “This is necessary to study materials in specific conditions. , such as on the surface of the gas giants, Uranus and Neptune, where the pressure corresponds to a value of about seven megabars.

Since the late 1950s, scientists have used diamond anvils to generate extreme pressures to test the strength of materials. This was necessary to form new properties of materials, such as superconductivity, and to try to reproduce the high pressure on various planets. Scientists have tried to reach the pressure of the Earth's inner core, which ranges from 320 to 360 GPa.

The pressure was set by adding a secondary microanvil (10-20 µm in diameter) between two anvils made from gem-quality single-crystal diamonds - about one quarter carat each. And the secondary anvil is made of superhard nanocrystalline diamond.

"Nanocrystalline diamond balls have a very high yield strength, are less compressible and less brittle than single-crystal diamonds. And it is they that give us the opportunity to dramatically expand the range of achievable pressure," explained Natalya Dubrovinskaya, co-author of the article.

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