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HISTORY OF TECHNOLOGY, TECHNOLOGY, OBJECTS AROUND US
Thermal imaging diagnostics. History of invention and production
Directory / The history of technology, technology, objects around us Thermal imager - a device for monitoring the temperature distribution of the surface under study. The temperature distribution is displayed on the display (or memory) of the thermal imager as a color field, where a certain temperature corresponds to a certain color. As a rule, the display shows the temperature range of the surface visible through the lens. The typical resolution of modern thermal imagers is 0,1 °C.
The internal structure of the Earth, the substances of which it consists, are studied by geology and geophysics. Geological methods allow us to explore only the upper part of the earth's crust. It is very difficult to drill a well even to a depth of several kilometers. Geophysics allows you to penetrate into the Earth much further. This science investigates the anomalies of the earth's fields, such as deviations in density, magnetic susceptibility, electrical resistivity, elastic wave propagation velocities, etc. For deep (up to 10000 meters) study of large parts of land and oceans, exploration of oil, gas and solid minerals, methods of exploration geophysics are used. They include gravity, magnetic, electrical, seismic, thermal, nuclear geophysics - more than a hundred methods in total. The gravity survey method is based on a very accurate measurement of the Earth's gravity, that is, the gravitational field of the planet. The earth is not a homogeneous ball, it has voids and areas of compaction, such as ore deposits. As a result, the force of gravity above them is either slightly less or slightly more than the average value. These changes are recorded by gravimeters. With the help of magnetic exploration, the geomagnetic, or natural magnetic, field of the Earth is studied. Its value depends on the size and depth of occurrence of magnetized objects, such as iron ore deposits. Magnetometers measure the absolute value of the magnetic field or its relative values, which are compared with those measured at the control points. Electrical exploration methods are based on the study of emerging natural and artificial electric fields. The first are the result of solar and cosmic radiation, continuous lightning strikes into the earth, chemical and physical reactions. The second ones arise when the Earth is exposed to power lines, antennas of television and radio stations. By the characteristics of the electric field (for example, by resistance), researchers have learned to distinguish between rocks and deposits of metal ores. Georadar is used in radar research. Such a radar "looks" into the Earth. The GPR antenna emits a radio pulse that reflects off dense rocks and returns to the receiving antenna. Soil and rocks quickly absorb radio waves, so they only penetrate to a depth of several tens of meters. The method is based on the difference in the speed of propagation of radio waves, which depends on the physical properties of rocks and liquids that saturate them (water, oil).
The thermal fields of the Earth, which have arisen as a result of complex physical and chemical processes, are studied with the help of thermal imagers. Their sensitive elements receive infrared (thermal) radiation from deep rocks. This radiation is very weak, so the thermal imager receivers are cooled with liquid nitrogen or helium to a temperature of minus 200-230 degrees Celsius. The received signals are displayed on the TV screen or recorded on film. The distribution of temperatures depends on the internal structure of the planet. The fracture of the earth's crust, even long drawn out by alluvial rocks, makes itself felt by temperature anomalies on the surface of the earth. By studying their dynamics, one can judge the phenomena that cause stresses and deformations in the earth's crust, fraught with cataclysms. Employees of the Institute of Aerospace Instrumentation from the capital of Tatarstan have learned how to do this. “Robert Mukhamedyarov showed me amazing pictures,” writes Mikhail Dmitruk in the Miracles and Adventures magazine, “they show everything that is in the bowels at depths of up to several kilometers. - Look: these are breaks in the earth's crust, - he ran his finger along the light stripes. And then he pointed to the dark spots: - There are oil and gas fields. These images were taken with the help of aerospace equipment, which made the bowels almost transparent. You can see through the ground like through glass. What are miracles? - We have established the relationship between the density of rocks and the temperature on the surface of the earth, - explains Robert Davletovich. - Easier not to say. In different places, the temperature deviates by miserable values, but our ultra-sensitive equipment fixes them. The computer draws lines of equal temperatures on the image. Where the lines thicken, the density of matter in the depths is higher (rocks, deposits of metal ores). And the lines are rarefied where the rocks are loosened (faults of the earth's crust, karst voids, lenses of underground lakes, deposits of coal, oil, gas). Having deciphered the thermal images, the computer produces color images of the area, on which, at a glance, you can see the deep structure of the bowels. The professor dispelled my doubts. He showed other underground pictures that are very easy to verify. They were made not from space, but from an airplane or helicopter, so the resolution of the images has increased hundreds of times. And underground communications are clearly visible on them - they cannot be distinguished even on the surface with the naked eye. Here is a field in front of me where the wheat harvest was cut. Its thermal image shows criss-crossing gas pipelines that are buried under the field. And here is the plan of these structures, taken from the gas workers: it exactly matches the thermal image. Moreover, it clearly shows the places of damage to the insulation on underground pipes, as well as gas leaks. This information is very necessary for the gas workers, and scientists are ready to provide it. By the way, their flying equipment gives ten times more information than a robot crawling in a pipe. And you can get this data from above thousands of times faster. But maybe it costs crazy money? No, aerospace diagnostics are much cheaper than in-line diagnostics." In 1979, Robert Mukhamedyarov, future doctor of technical sciences, professor, was transferred to the NPO "State Institute of Applied Optics" as the head of the department and chief designer of instruments for spacecraft. Later, it was under his leadership that the department grew into a department, and in 1990 it separated from NPO as an independent Institute of Aerospace Instrumentation in Kazan. However, in recent Russian history, like many Russian enterprises, it has successfully run aground. Up to now, on the Okean satellite, the equipment made at the institute gives an image no worse than the American one. But along with the crisis in the space industry in Russia, Kazan equipment for satellites was no longer needed. Work in the new conditions forced me to switch to airplanes and helicopters. But, as they say, there is a blessing in disguise: from low altitudes, the employees of the Institute, with the help of their equipment, began to make even more amazing discoveries than from space. Thermal imaging can shock anyone. So, for example, through a huge metal tank for storing oil from above, you can see ... a crack in the reinforced concrete foundation of this structure. The cars had long since left, and their thermal shadows remained in the parking lot. Deep in the sea, the heat signature of a sunken ship is visible. And here is another miracle: in the picture, the contours of the foundations of ancient buildings that have not yet been excavated by archaeologists appear through the ground! “But Robert Davletovich is also proud of other images,” writes Dmitruk, “which can be used to diagnose buildings and structures. Under houses, bridges, roads, pipelines, crustal faults, karst voids, collectors, groundwater flows, and other surprises of nature are clearly visible. If only builders knew about them in advance, they would have bypassed these dead places.But the objects have already been built, their foundations and supports fall into voids and quicksands, causing deformation of buildings and structures.How long will they stand and in what places should they be strengthened?This, too visible: all stresses and deformations cause small temperature deviations, which are clearly visible in the photographs. The institute has patented many new principles and devices that allow increasing the resolution of thermal imagers almost unlimitedly. Here they learned to catch one ten-thousandth of a degree - this is quite enough for technical diagnostics of buildings and structures. In addition, pictures can be taken at night during the compression of building materials and during the day - during their thermal expansion. At such moments, all defects - both present and future - are especially clearly manifested. But the main thing is the diagnostics of the earth's crust: based on stresses and strains in its layers, it is possible to predict movements that cause earthquakes. Foreseeing earthquakes is paramount for any country that is located in a zone of high seismicity. Mukhamedyarov is ready to give a forecast of where and when such cataclysms will happen. On one condition - if he receives funds for these studies. Author: Musskiy S.A.
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