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HISTORY OF TECHNOLOGY, TECHNOLOGY, OBJECTS AROUND US
Safety belt. History of invention and production
Directory / The history of technology, technology, objects around us A seat belt is a passive safety device designed to hold a passenger in a car (or other vehicle) in place in the event of an accident or a sudden stop.
The use of the seat belt prevents the occupant from coasting down and thus from colliding with the interior of the vehicle or other occupants (so-called secondary impacts) and ensures that the occupant is in a position to deploy the airbags safely. In addition, the seat belts stretch a little in the event of an accident, thereby absorbing the kinetic energy of the passenger and additionally slowing down his movement, and distribute the braking force over a larger surface. The stretching of the seat belts is carried out with the help of extension and shock absorption devices equipped with energy-absorbing technologies. It is also possible to use tensioners in seat belts. The system is installed in both front seats. The sudden deceleration of the vehicle during a frontal or near-frontal collision is detected by the mass sensor. If the deceleration is large enough, the sensor moves forward and activates the seat belt pretensioner. This occurs before the seat belt occupant is thrown forward by the impact. As a result, the seat belt is tensioned by about 120 mm, which is distributed between the shoulder and waist branches.
After the seat belt tensioning mechanism has been activated, the seat belt buckle 1 cannot return to its original position under the influence of the ratchet mechanism 2, it bounces down, below the edge of the seat cushion. The seat belt pretensioner is activated in a collision at speeds above 12 km/h. Over the past fifty years, Niels Bohlin's three-point belt has saved more than a million lives, according to Volvo estimates. In 1985, at the International Patent Conference, the West German Patent Office, on the occasion of its 100th anniversary, named the eight most important inventions for mankind. Among them was the invention of the Swedish engineer Niels Bohlin. Born in 1920 in the small town of Hernesand, Bolin received a bachelor's degree in mechanical engineering in 1939 and soon got a job at Svenska Aeroplan Aktiebolaget (SAAB). While his colleagues dreamed of making planes more powerful and faster, Niels wanted to make them safer for pilots. Therefore, he took up rescue and ejection systems and, probably, would have become famous as an aircraft designer, if not for one of his compatriots. In 1956, an unprecedented option appeared on Ford cars - a two-point lap belt designed by the Lygon brothers. In a collision, such a belt did not allow the driver to fly out through the front glass, but sometimes caused serious injuries to the abdominal cavity. Volvo President Gunnar Ingellau was so impressed by the invention that he set himself the ambitious goal of making Volvo the safest cars in the world. To do this, he needed a person from the area where security systems have long ruled the show - aviation. Ingellau invited Nils Bohlin, who is well acquainted with the g-forces that pilots experience in accidents, to join his company, offering him a position as a safety engineer and complete carte blanche. The task was not an easy one. Bolin later said that the pilots with whom he worked were ready to put on whatever they wanted to ensure safety in the event of an accident. But the drivers did not want to endure inconvenience even for a minute. Therefore, four-point aviation belts, carefully fitted to the figure, had to be discarded. Over the course of a year, Niels experimented extensively with different seat belt designs and eventually found the right solution - a combination of a belt that wraps around the driver's hips and a diagonal strap that holds the chest and shoulders. The solution turned out to be very convenient, since the combination of two straps made it possible to buckle up with one hand, and this played a huge role. Later, the inventor himself admitted: "My belt received public recognition as much because it was comfortable, as well as because it was safer." In 1959, three-point belts appeared in two Volvo models for the Swedish market - P120 Amazon and PV544, and in 1963 they were equipped with all models. The company made the patent for the belt design free, so that soon other manufacturers began to equip their cars with this safety system. Over the years, designers have only added inertial coils, pretensioners and improved the buckle. The inventor died on September 21, 2002. At his funeral, one of the directors of Volvo said: "A piece of Niels Bohlin is present in every car." Author: S.Apresov
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