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HISTORY OF TECHNOLOGY, TECHNOLOGY, OBJECTS AROUND US
Bottle machine. History of invention and production
Directory / The history of technology, technology, objects around us Glass production remained one of those areas of industry that was not affected by mechanization until the beginning of the XNUMXth century. The manufacture of glass products, in particular bottles, remained manual and entirely dependent on the skill and experience of the glassblower.
Blowing was carried out using an iron tube with a length of 1 to 1 m. One end of the tube slightly expanded with a cone and served to collect glass, the opposite (nipple) was rounded. It was taken into the mouth for blowing. About one third of the tube was covered with a wooden frame to protect the hands from the heat. Before collecting the molten glass mass, the cone-shaped end of the tube was carefully cleaned and heated in a furnace fire. After dipping the heated end into the molten glass, the tube was turned several times, while the mass easily stuck to it and turned into a lump. By cooling the set while rotating the tube, the glass was brought to such a density that it was possible to smooth its shape. Then the nipple was taken into the mouth, and blowing air through the tube with force, an even bubble with the desired wall thickness was obtained at the other end.
The cutting of the bottle began with a jar, which turned into a bullet by blowing and simultaneously pulling with an iron slingshot in the form of a U (folyazka). To give an elongated shape, the bullet was heated in the fire of the furnace, then the pipe was made with a large and rather strong swing in a circle from top to bottom, which caused the bullet to stretch and take the desired shape. Then it was put into a wooden or cast-iron mold, which was tightly closed. At the same time, the master blew strongly into the bottle in order to distribute still soft glass until it completely sticks to the walls of the mold. The neck of the bottle was finished off last: they grabbed it with iron tongs with rounded ends, freed the neck from the tube, warmed it up and, using finishing scissors, which had protrusions at the ends corresponding to the size of the neck, made thickenings on the neck with an increase in glass.
Numerous attempts to mechanize this complex production process have been unsuccessful. The situation changed dramatically only in 1905, when the American Michael Owens took out a patent for a six-arm vacuum machine - the first bottle glass blowing machine in history. Owens' machine consisted of two parts: the machine itself and a bowl with glass molten to a semi-liquid state. The machine and the bowl were rotated by electric motors around their axes in different directions. As in manual production, bottle dressing included several successive operations, but all of them were performed automatically. The set of the required portion of glass was carried out using special vacuum heads (a discharged state was created inside them). The machine had six vacuum typesetting heads around its circumference, each of which was put on a draft form. The final finishing took place in fine forms. There were also six of them. Whenever it was necessary to suck in another portion of the glass, the machine lowered; in this case, the typesetting head was immersed in molten glass. This happened six times per revolution of the machine, so that all the vacuum heads made one suction each. When lifting the machine, the automatic knife cut off the strand of glass mass that was trailing behind the type-setting head, which fell back into the rotating bowl.
At first, Owens, like other inventors, thought to do without a rotating bowl and tried to take glass directly from the furnace. However, as a result of immersion of a relatively cold draft form and a reverse fall into the bath of a cold bundle, the glass mass at the suction point was significantly cooled. Therefore, it was no longer possible to suck a new portion from him. To get around this difficulty, Owens added to his design a rotating bowl, which was a reservoir filled with molten glass and constantly heated. In this way, it was possible to constantly bring a new untouched area of the surface of the glass mass to the draft forms of the machine. Places cooled by mold immersion were heated by the heating of the rotating bowl, as well as by the removal of heat from the surrounding and inflowing fresh glass mass.
The next working steps were pre-blowing, bullet transfer, final blowing and removal of the product from the machine.
The first machine could produce 10-20 (depending on weight) bottles per minute. But this was not the limit. Work slowed down due to the fact that the heavy body of the machine had to be rocked. In later designs (since 1911 - in a ten-arm machine), Owens switched to lowering to suck only individual sleeves (sections) with typesetting heads (suction molds). Thanks to this, the rotation of the machine has become quieter, and its power consumption has been significantly reduced. In addition, jolts were eliminated and the speed increased, so that in later models the capacity was up to 90 bottles per minute. Owens' bottle machine revolutionized the glass industry, perhaps the most significant in the entire five-thousand-year history of glassmaking. However, the implementation of this machine ran into significant difficulties. In 1908, the German Union of Bottle Manufacturers bought Owens his patent for 12 million marks. This, however, was not done in order to start using his machine, but with just the opposite goal - to prevent the mechanization of the industry. Manual production of bottles was extremely beneficial for the union, as it allowed it to maintain monopoly high prices for this type of product. However, the intention of the manufacturers did not work - soon bottle machines appeared at many glass factories. In the USA, the Libby-Owens-Ford Glass concern was formed, which soon began to control the production of bottles in America and many European countries. Author: Ryzhov K.V.
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