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BIOGRAPHIES OF GREAT SCIENTISTS
Kolmogorov Andrei Nikolaevich. Biography of a scientist
Directory / Biographies of great scientists
According to the apt expression of one scientist, a mathematician is one who knows how to find analogies between statements. The best mathematician - who establishes analogy proofs. The stronger one can notice the analogies of theories. But there are those who see analogies between analogies. Andrey Nikolayevich Kolmogorov, one of the best, if not the best mathematician of the twentieth century, belongs to these rare representatives of the latter. Andrei Nikolaevich Kolmogorov was born on April 12 (25), 1903 in Tambov. Andrei's aunts organized a school in their house for children of different ages who lived nearby, taught them - a dozen children - according to the recipes of the latest pedagogy. A handwritten magazine "Spring Swallows" was published for the children. It published creative works of students - drawings, poems, stories. Andrey's "scientific works" also appeared in it - arithmetic problems invented by him. Here the boy published his first scientific work in mathematics at the age of five. True, it was only a well-known algebraic regularity, but the boy noticed it himself, without outside help! At the age of seven, Kolmogorov was assigned to a private gymnasium. It was organized by a circle of Moscow progressive intelligentsia and was constantly under threat of closing. Andrei already in those years showed remarkable mathematical abilities, but still it is too early to say that his further path has already been decided. There was also a passion for history and sociology. At one time he dreamed of becoming a forester. “In 1918-1920, life in Moscow was not easy,” Andrei Nikolayevich recalled. “Only the most persistent were seriously engaged in schools. At that time, I had to leave for the construction of the Kazan-Yekaterinburg railway. external student for secondary school. Upon returning to Moscow, I experienced some disappointment: they gave me a certificate of graduation from school, without even bothering to take an exam. When, in 1920, Andrei Kolmogorov began to think about entering an institute, an eternal question arose before him: what should he devote himself to, what business? He is attracted to the mathematical department of the university, but there is also a doubt: here is pure science, and technology is, perhaps, a more serious matter. Here, for example, is the metallurgical faculty of the Mendeleev Institute! A real man's business, moreover, promising. Andrei decides to do both here and there. But it soon becomes clear to him that pure science is also very relevant, and he makes a choice in its favor. In 1920 he entered the mathematical department of Moscow University. “Having decided to engage in serious science, I, of course, sought to learn from the best mathematicians,” the scientist later recalled. “I was lucky to study with P. S. Uryson, P. S. Aleksandrov, V. V. Stepanov and N. N. Luzin, who, apparently, should be considered primarily my teacher in mathematics.But they "find" me only in the sense that they evaluated the work I brought. It seems to me that a teenager or a young man should find the "goal of life" for himself. The elders can only help.” In the very first months, Andrei passed the exams for the course. And as a second-year student, he gets the right to a "stipend": sixteen kilograms of bread and a kilogram of butter per month - this is real well-being! Now there is free time. It is given to attempts to solve already posed mathematical problems. The lectures of Nikolai Nikolaevich Luzin, a professor at Moscow University, were, according to contemporaries, an outstanding event. Luzin never had a prescribed form of presentation. And his lectures by no means could serve as a role model. He had a rare sense of audience. He, like a real actor, performing on the theater stage and perfectly feeling the reaction of the audience, had constant contact with students. The professor knew how to bring students into contact with his own mathematical thought, revealing the mysteries of his scientific laboratory. Invited to joint spiritual activity, to co-creation. And what a holiday it was when Luzin invited students to his home for the famous "Wednesdays"! Conversations over a cup of tea about scientific problems ... However, why necessarily about scientific ones? There were plenty of topics for conversation. He knew how to ignite the youth with the desire for a scientific achievement, instill faith in one's own strengths, and through this feeling another came - an understanding of the need for full dedication to one's favorite work. Kolmogorov first attracted the attention of a professor at a lecture. Luzin, as always, led the classes, constantly addressing the audience with questions and assignments. And when he said: "Let's build a proof of the theorem based on the following assumption..." Andrey Kolmogorov raised his hand in the audience: "Professor, it is wrong." The question "why" was followed by a short freshman's answer. Satisfied Luzin nodded: "Well, come to the circle, report to us your thoughts in more detail." “Although my achievement was rather childish, it made me famous in the Lusitania,” Andrei Nikolayevich recalled. But a year later, the serious results obtained by the eighteen-year-old sophomore Andrei Kolmogorov attracted the real attention of the "patriarch". With some solemnity, Nikolai Nikolaevich invites Kolmogorov to come on a certain day and hour of the week, intended for the students of his course. Such an invitation, according to the concepts of "Lusitania", should be regarded as conferring the honorary title of a student. As a recognition of ability. Kolmogorov's first publications were devoted to the problems of descriptive and metric theory of functions. The earliest of these appeared in 1923. Discussed in the mid-twenties everywhere, including in Moscow, questions of the foundations of mathematical analysis and closely related research in mathematical logic attracted Kolmogorov's attention almost at the very beginning of his work. He took part in discussions between the two main opposing methodological schools at that time - formal-axiomatic (D. Hilbert) and intuitionistic (L. E. Ya. Brower and G. Weyl). In doing so, he obtained a completely unexpected first-class result, proving in 1925 that all known sentences of classical formal logic, under a certain interpretation, turn into sentences of intuitionistic logic. Kolmogorov retained a deep interest in the philosophy of mathematics forever. Many years of close and fruitful cooperation connected him with A. Ya. Khinchin, who at that time began to develop problems in the theory of probability. It has become an area of joint activity of scientists. Since the time of Chebyshev, the science "about the case" has been, as it were, a Russian national science. Her successes were multiplied by Soviet mathematicians. Of particular importance for the application of mathematical methods to the natural sciences and practical sciences was the law of large numbers. To find the necessary and sufficient conditions under which it takes place - that is what the desired result was. The leading mathematicians in many countries have been unsuccessfully trying to obtain it for decades. In 1926, these conditions were obtained by graduate student Kolmogorov. Until the end of his days, Andrei Nikolaevich considered probability theory to be his main specialty, although one can count a good two dozen areas of mathematics in which he worked. But then the path of Kolmogorov and his friends in science was just beginning. They worked hard, but did not lose their sense of humor. Partial differential equations were jokingly called "equations with unfortunate derivatives", such a special term as finite differences was changed into "different finitenesses", and probability theory - into "trouble theory". Norbert Wiener, the father of cybernetics, testified: "... Khinchin and Kolmogorov, two of the most prominent Russian specialists in probability theory, worked for a long time in the same field as I did. For more than twenty years we stepped on each other's heels: then they proved a theorem, which I was about to prove, I managed to reach the finish line a little earlier than them. And one more confession of Wiener, which he once made to journalists: "For thirty years now, when I read the works of Academician Kolmogorov, I feel that these are my thoughts. This is every time what I myself wanted to say." In 1930, Kolmogorov became a professor at Moscow State University, from 1933 to 1939 he was rector of the Institute of Mathematics and Mechanics of Moscow State University, for many years he headed the Department of Probability Theory and the Laboratory of Statistical Methods. In 1935, Kolmogorov was awarded the degree of Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, in 1939 he was elected a member of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Shortly before the start of the Great Patriotic War, Kolmogorov and Khinchin were awarded the State Prize for their work on probability theory. And on June 23, 1941, an expanded meeting of the Presidium of the USSR Academy of Sciences was held. The decision adopted at the meeting marks the beginning of the restructuring of the activities of scientific institutions. Now the main thing is the military theme: all forces, all knowledge - to victory. Soviet mathematicians, on instructions from the Main Artillery Directorate of the Army, are conducting complex work in the field of ballistics and mechanics. Kolmogorov, using his research on the theory of probability, gives a definition of the most advantageous dispersion of projectiles during firing. The war is over, and Kolmogorov is returning to peaceful research. It is difficult to even briefly highlight Kolmogorov's contribution to other areas of mathematics - the general theory of operations on sets, integral theory, information theory, hydrodynamics, celestial mechanics, etc., all the way to linguistics. In all these disciplines, many of Kolmogorov's methods and theorems are, admittedly, classical, and the influence of his work, as well as the work of his numerous students, among whom there are many outstanding mathematicians, on the general course of the development of mathematics is extremely great. When one of Kolmogorov's young colleagues was asked how he felt about his teacher, he replied: "Panic respect ... You know, Andrei Nikolaevich gives us so many of his brilliant ideas that they would be enough for hundreds of excellent developments." A remarkable pattern: many of Kolmogorov's students, gaining independence, began to play a leading role in the chosen direction of research. And the academician proudly emphasizes that the most dear to him are students who have surpassed teachers in scientific research. One can be surprised at Kolmogorov's asceticism, his ability to practice at the same time - and not without success! - many things at once. This includes the management of the university laboratory of statistical methods of research, and the care of the physics and mathematics boarding school, the initiator of which Andrey Nikolayevich was the initiator of the creation of which, and the affairs of the Moscow Mathematical Society, and work on the editorial boards of "Kvant" - a magazine for schoolchildren and "Mathematics at School" - methodical journal for teachers, and scientific and teaching activities, and the preparation of articles, brochures, books, textbooks. Kolmogorov never had to beg to speak at a student debate, to meet schoolchildren at a party. In fact, he was always surrounded by young people. He was very loved, his opinion was always listened to. Not only the authority of the world famous scientist played a role, but also the simplicity, attention, spiritual generosity that he radiated. The circle of Andrei Nikolaevich's vital interests was not limited to pure mathematics, the unification of the individual sections of which into one whole he devoted his life to. He was fascinated by philosophical problems, and the history of science, and painting, and literature, and music. Academician Kolmogorov is an honorary member of many foreign academies and scientific societies. In March 1963, the scientist was awarded the international Bolzano Prize, which is called the "Nobel Prize for Mathematicians" (the work of mathematicians was not specified in Nobel's will). In the same year, Andrei Nikolaevich was awarded the title of Hero of Socialist Labor. In 1965 he was awarded the Lenin Prize (together with V. I. Arnold). In recent years, Kolmogorov headed the Department of Mathematical Logic. “I belong,” said the scientist, “to those extremely desperate cybernetics who do not see any fundamental limitations in the cybernetic approach to the problem of life and believe that it is possible to analyze life in its entirety, including human consciousness, using the methods of cybernetics. in understanding the mechanism of higher nervous activity, including the highest manifestations of human creativity, in my opinion, nothing lessens the value and beauty of human creative achievements. Kolmogorov died on October 20, 1987 in Moscow. He was buried at the Novodevichy cemetery. Author: Samin D.K.
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