What development paths do the liberated countries have? Detailed answer

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What development paths do the liberated countries have? Detailed answer

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What development paths do the liberated countries have?

The problem of choosing development paths after the Second World War, and especially after the completion of the collapse of colonial empires and decolonization, has become a common problem for all countries of Asia and Africa.

The choice turned out to be small: a socialist orientation or a Eurocapitalist path. In any case, cultural and civilizational features and traditions were decisive.

Many liberated countries, although politically opposed to the European metropolitan countries, borrowed the ideas of European civilization and embarked on the path of "catching up" development. The leaders of these countries were not going to restore pre-colonial orders and traditional society. They wanted to create a modern, advanced nation-state, the components of which would be highly developed industry, universal suffrage, literacy of the population and its access to modern medicine. Hence was the understanding of the main task of the moment - overcoming backwardness, modernization.

A number of countries (China, Vietnam, North Korea, and others) embarked on the socialist path of development. Already by the mid-1970s, for example, signs of an impending crisis began to be felt in China. He had to take a different path - the path of market reforms and the weakening of state regulation of the economy and other spheres of life. Vietnam by this time had only managed to unite.

By the beginning of the 1990s. the problem of building socialism was generally removed from the agenda as an orientation model of development. The collapse of the USSR and the entire socialist system led to the impossibility of a socialist choice on the part of any other countries. But the idea of a socialist orientation turned out to be more tenacious. It has become widespread in a number of African countries and some Arab countries. But the implementation of nationalization, cooperation, the establishment of a one-party political system eventually turned into economic ruin, bureaucratization, corruption and the establishment of authoritarian-dictatorial regimes, which led to a series of military coups. Most of the countries that have chosen a socialist orientation have also had to begin the transition to market-private relations and multi-party systems with a strong role for the public sector and regulation, i.e., to make the transition to modernization.

Whatever path the liberated states took, they all faced the need to overcome the traditional way of life and economy, which actually became the reason for the colonization of these countries by more developed states.

The attempt of the newly-free countries to undermine the established international division of labor and world economic ties was unsuccessful. This turned out to be an impossible task. Carrying out import-substituting industrialization (the policy of reducing imports of cars from Western countries, the production of their own equipment) required funds. The liberated countries did not have enough internal sources. I had to turn to Western creditors. This led to an increase in the debt of third world countries. By the end of 1988, it had reached an astronomical figure - more than a trillion dollars. The critical situation, the threat of losing independence once again forced us to reconsider economic policy.

The problem of overcoming backwardness was aggravated by the increase in population growth rates that began after the war, mainly due to an increase in the birth rate in developing countries.

The population explosion caused agrarian overpopulation. The influx of people to cities increased, which also could not rationally master the mass of the unemployed population. Unemployment, in turn, contributed to the maintenance of low wages, which slowed down technological progress. Along with social problems, developing countries began to experience economic difficulties. This also led to socio-political instability. The liberated countries were like a seething cauldron. Revolutions and coups d'etat, civil wars and interstate conflicts - all this has become a characteristic feature of the development of the countries of Asia, Africa and Latin America.

Author: Irina Tkachenko

Random interesting fact from the Great Encyclopedia:

What is a drug?

Today we often hear and read about drug addicts and the problems associated with them. These questions concern each of us. "Dope" is slang for drug.

Drugs are a special group of drugs that have an analgesic and hypnotic effect. They give a feeling of temporary sedation, known in medicine as anesthesia. All drugs should only be taken as directed by a doctor. If drugs are taken frequently, then a person becomes addicted, attracted to them. This means that now the person must take them regularly, and if this is not the case, then the person experiences great suffering. And once you start taking drugs, it is very difficult to quit them later. Drug addicts will pay big money for drugs, which are always obtained illegally, they will steal, commit other crimes to pay for them.

Here are the 5 most famous drugs: morphine, codeine, heroin, cocaine and marijuana.

Morphine is one of the best pain relievers. It is made from opium. Morphine has the strongest effect on the human brain. After taking it, anxiety disappears, the person becomes calm, relaxed, often sleepy. But the drug does not affect hearing, sight, touch.

Codeine relieves pain, but it has very little effect on the brain, so it is rarely used by drug addicts.

Heroin, on the other hand, gives a feeling of well-being, but is a weak pain reliever. Heroin production is banned in the US today due to its low medical effect.

Cocaine is a drug made from the leaves of the coca plant. The effect of cocaine on the brain is the strongest.

Marijuana is extracted from various plants, primarily from hemp. It is not used in medicine, but is used by drug addicts when smoking (dry leaves and flowers of hemp are used instead of tobacco). No person - no matter how old - should use drugs without the prescription and supervision of a physician.

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Seat belt that unfastens in the water 22.12.2012

The Dutch company Fijen TMLS has developed a car seat belt that makes it easier to rescue from a sinking car. If the car falls into the water, the latch of such a belt is automatically unfastened, and a person can freely leave the car.

In the United States alone, about 400 motorists are killed every year as a result of falling cars into the water. In most cases, people in a panic do not have time to unfasten their seat belts, and the device, designed to save lives in the event of a collision, turns into a death trap. For young children, modern seat belts under water are a real death sentence, although belts are clearly necessary for protection from collision-related accidents.

Dutch engineers solved this problem with a seat belt that automatically unbuckles when immersed in water. Now drivers and passengers do not have to spend precious seconds trying to unfasten their belt. The new belt looks no different from the usual ones and does not contain complex electronic devices, so its price does not exceed $40.

Inside the latch of the new belt is a special cartridge with a salt tablet, which loses strength very quickly when wet. Thus, after the belt is immersed in water, the latch is automatically activated, and the belt pops out of the lock in one second. The driver and passengers can only open the door to get out of the sinking car. If you equip child seats with such a mechanism, then in the event of a car flooding, it is enough to “pull” the child out of the car seat and swim to the surface of the water. The salt tablet is in a special removable cartridge that needs to be changed once every few years - apparently in order to prevent the loss of strength of the salt tablet and spontaneous unfastening of the belt.

The invention of the Dutch can be widely used not only in the automotive industry, but also in many other areas of activity where there is a high risk of dying due to an accidental fall into the water. For example, it is for such cases that body armor and backpacks for the military are equipped with quick-release mounts, but often a wounded or stunned soldier, a sailor does not have time to use them and drowns.

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