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How does the culture of Western countries develop in the second half of the twentieth century? Detailed answer
Directory / Big encyclopedia. Questions for quiz and self-education Did you know? How does the culture of Western countries develop in the second half of the twentieth century? After the end of World War II, cultural development in Western European countries, the United States was carried out on the basis of scientific discoveries and achievements made in the pre-war and war period. Significant scientific forces and resources were devoted to the mastery of atomic energy, the development of means of transport (especially jet aircraft), and the petrochemical industry. The creation of rocket engines and the flight of the first cosmonaut Yu. Gagarin marked the beginning of space exploration. New prospects in scientific research were opened by the creation by the American scientist N. Wiener of cybernetics - the science of receiving, processing and transmitting information. A decisive leap was made by radio electronics, new types of radio equipment and televisions were created. Major discoveries have been made in genetics and biotechnology. The structure of the DNA molecule was studied, new types of drugs were created. Genetic engineering has gone beyond laboratories. Her discoveries began to be applied in agriculture and medicine. In the 1970s-1980s. a new phase of the scientific and technological revolution began. Computer technology entered the world, new types of electronic computers, industrial automation were created. New synthetic materials have appeared. Nuclear power plants began to play an important role in the energy balance of many countries of the world. The scientific and technological revolution has made many cultural values accessible to the general population. This led to the active spread of "mass culture". The production of cultural products and the "entertainment industry" were put on a commercial stream, turned into a source of income and an effective means of influencing the masses. "Mass culture" was used to distract the population from serious social, political and moral problems, to promote the values and standards of the "mass consumer society". In the second half of the twentieth century. Social-philosophical thought also bore the stamp of the impact of scientific and technological revolution. Social science included new theories of "industrial society", "post-industrial society". Much attention was paid to the comprehensive study of human problems. Philosophy addressed the problems of human life, its meaning, self-knowledge and the affirmation of man. At the intersection of philosophy and sociology, a scientific school of structural-functional analysis was formed. Its prominent representative was T. Parsons. Representatives of this trend sought to create a general sociological theory that could be a tool for specific research. Sociological information could then be used to make informed decisions in the field of management, especially social processes. The socio-political upsurge of the first post-war years led to the strengthening of realistic traditions in literature and art. Nobel Prizes in Literature were awarded to realist writers A. Gide, F. Mauriac. The work of P. Eluard, a member of the French Resistance, gained wide popularity. In West Germany, the main theme of the post-war period was the problem of overcoming the fascist past. It is expressed with the greatest force in the novels of G. Bell. The exposure of the fascist order and the defense of humanistic values were the content of the German writers who remained in exile - T. Mann, E. M. Remarque. American writers W. Faulkner and E. Hemingway worked actively in the USA. The modernist direction of literature during this period was embodied by J.P. Sartre and A. Camus. Postmodernist tendencies emerged in the post-war fine arts. Here the search for new forms, materials, methods of attracting the attention of the audience was most active. Non-objective art gained popularity. Its most prominent representatives were the Americans J. Pollak, W. Cunning, and others. In Europe, the leading role was played by the old masters P. Picasso, J. Mathieu, R. Guttuso, and others. Complex processes took place in the musical culture of Western countries. Concert activity has acquired a wide scale. Along with academic music and jazz, pop music occupied an important place in musical culture. Author: Irina Tkachenko
When did the first houses begin to be built? Man began to build shelters for himself and his family thousands and thousands of years ago. The type of dwelling that man built in antiquity depended almost entirely on the climate in which he lived and on the availability of the building materials he possessed. It also depended on the dangers that a person had to face in everyday life. Therefore, we cannot say exactly where and when the first house was built. For example, when the stone ax was invented thousands of years ago, wood began to play an important role in the construction of houses. And the ancient man began to build his dwelling out of wood. At the same time, the ancient people, who lived in a warm and humid climate, preferred to live in houses made of grass and straw. Therefore, in the countries of Africa and on some islands of the Pacific Ocean, houses were built from grass, from bamboo, from leaves, from climbing plants that grew right there, nearby. And where the climate was dry and hot, ancient people found a different way of building housing. They wove the frame of the house from flexible branches, and then the walls were coated with a clay solution. Clay coating dried in the sun, and strong walls were obtained. It is believed that the ancient Egyptians were the first to discover the secret of the brick. In Mesopotamia, the ancient inhabitants discovered a way to create sun-dried brick, strong and durable. They stacked the formed bricks in the sun and "fired" them. Later, the ancient Assyrians learned how to glaze bricks. Structures made of such bricks have been preserved for centuries.
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