What were the stages in the development of the revolutionary movement in France? Detailed answer

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What were the stages in the development of the revolutionary movement in France? Detailed answer

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What were the stages in the development of the revolutionary movement in France?

The revolution brought about a new balance of power in the National Convention. His left wing was made up of the Jacobins, led by M. Robespierre, J. J. Danton, L. Saint-Just. Their main opponents were the Girondins. Most of the deputies did not have a clear political orientation, for which he was called "bog". The left forces were in the minority, but the strategic initiative increasingly passed to them. At their insistence, the king was put on trial and sentenced to death. On January 21, 1793, he was executed.

Among the left forces, an even more radical group of the so-called rabid (J. Roux, J. Varlet) emerged, who demanded harsh repressive measures against all bourgeois circles in France. Such sentiments led to the consolidation of all opponents of the revolution. In 1793, the internal counter-revolution tried to take revenge. In the north-west of France, in the Vendée, an uprising of counter-revolutionary forces broke out.

The Jacobins tried to mobilize all their forces to fight the internal and external enemies of the republic. At their insistence, the Revolutionary Tribunal was created - a court with emergency powers. This act marked the beginning of the transition to a policy of revolutionary terror. In April 1793, the Committee of Public Salvation was created, to which all the powers to wage war and fight counter-revolution were gradually transferred.

At first, the tightening of the revolutionary regime helped the Jacobins in the fight against their opponents, including the Girondins. But the situation continued to be an emergency, and this prevented the Jacobins from realizing their socio-economic plans.

On June 2, 1793, a new popular uprising broke out in Paris, which led to the fall of the Girondins. Power in the country passed completely into the hands of the Jacobins. On June 24, a new constitution was adopted. The first place among the administrative structures of the state was taken by the Committee of Public Safety, headed by M. Robespierre.

But as the confidence in the irreversibility of the initiated revolutionary changes grew in society, the desire to clearly define what the new France would be like grew. If the struggle against internal and external enemies united the Jacobins, then the need for a more precise definition of social guidelines introduced seeds of discord into their camp. Within the Jacobins themselves, divisions quickly grew. Among the deputies of the Convention, a conspiracy against Robespierre matured. July 27, 1794 (or 9 Thermidor on the revolutionary calendar) Robespierre was arrested and executed without trial. The Jacobin dictatorship fell. A new stage began in the history of France.

The Thermidorian coup did not mean the restoration of the monarchy. It symbolized the rejection of the most radical version of the reorganization of society and the transfer of power into the hands of more moderate elements. In autumn, another Constitution was prepared, which reformed the legislature. Now it belongs to the bicameral Legislative Assembly. The convention was abolished. The executive power was concentrated in the hands of the Directory, consisting of 5 people.

The fate of the Directory increasingly depended on success in the fight against the anti-French coalition. It was obvious that the restoration of the "old order" was possible only from outside; this automatically increased the role of the army in revolutionary France. In this milieu, the revolutionary General Napoleon Bonaparte began to enjoy increasing influence. Fame brought him brilliant victories in Italy.

On November 9, 1799 (18 Brumaire according to the revolutionary calendar), he was appointed commander of the troops of the capital district. The next day he dissolved the Legislative Assembly and abolished the Directory. Power passed to the three consuls, and in essence to Napoleon.

Thus ended the period of violent social upheavals that radically changed the face of France. During this time, the foundations of the feudal-absolutist system were destroyed to the ground, and conditions were created for the development of bourgeois relations. The revolutionary events in France were of enormous historical proportions; they opened a new chapter in the history of human civilization. These events destroyed the old order not only in France, but throughout Europe. Almost the entire nineteenth century passed under the banner of the revolutionary struggle in France.

Author: Irina Tkachenko

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