What did the Reformation lead to in Germany? Detailed answer

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What did the Reformation lead to in Germany? Detailed answer

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What did the Reformation lead to in Germany?

The Reformation was the first act of action of the new bourgeois class, which had arisen in the depths of feudal society, against the feudal system.

The Reformation began in the spiritual sphere, with the bourgeoisie speaking out against Catholicism, the ideology of feudalism. The name of this phenomenon comes from the Latin word reformatio - transformation.

This movement flared up like a bright flame in Germany.

The Reformation movement here began with the speech of the Wittenberg University professor Martin Luther against indulgences in 1517 and ended with the Peace of Augsburg in 1555. The Peasants' War of 1524-1525 became the culminating point of the movement.

By the sixteenth century The Catholic Church in Germany had a decisive influence on all aspects of public life, and it was also the largest landowner. Church exactions hurt the material interests of various social strata of German society. Catholicism was especially unacceptable to the emerging bourgeoisie.

The teaching of Catholicism about a "fair price" (the requirement to be content with a moderate surcharge on the cost of goods) significantly cut merchant profits; the prohibition to charge interest was also in the economic interests of creditors. But most of all, the German burghers resented the high cost of the cult. Various offerings and duties in favor of the church, from the point of view of the burghers, diverted a significant part of the national wealth from productive use. Therefore, it is no coincidence that it was the German burghers that were the main bearer of reform ideas.

However, other classes of German society did not stand aside from the reform movement. It was attended by representatives of the nobility, as well as the lower ranks of the city and village. The nobility and royal power were impressed by the performance of the burghers against the secular power of the church. The care of the Catholic Church was a burden for kings and emperors, they also actively sought an independent existence.

Martin Luther was the herald of the German Reformation. He, having chosen the career of a theologian, began to move more and more away from Catholic orthodoxy. In his opinion, faith is a purely individual act. The Word of God is found in Holy Scripture. Luther formulated the "95 Theses" on theology, in which he defended the idea of the need not for the remission of sins, but for their prevention. In 1520, M. Luther published pamphlets important for the fate of the Reformation. In them, he called not only to destroy the power of the pope, but also to secularize church lands, stop persecution on charges of heresy, etc.

In 1521, the social movement for the reform of the church in Germany took on a large scale. Luther's teaching found many adherents among the German population. Luther was supported by Elector (ruler of the region) Friedrich of Saxony. When M. Luther was outlawed, it was Friedrich of Saxony who offered refuge to Luther.

M. Luther linked the fate of the Reformation with princely power, he did not call for a radical change in the feudal system.

But M. Luther's calls for reforms radicalized the rank and file of the people. The culminating point of the social movement of the Reformation era in Germany was the Peasants' War, which began in 1954 with the performance of peasants against their masters in the Landgraviate of Stühlingen on the Upper Rhine. B. Hubmayer and T. Müntzer became the spokesmen for the people's understanding of the Reformation. They combined the complaints of the peasants into a common program called "Article Letter". This program was not limited to concessions to the peasants, but proclaimed the idea of a radical revolution and building a society on the basis of social justice.

The peasant uprising was put down. In Germany, the princely reformation won, which strengthened the power of the princes and carried out the secularization of church lands in favor of the princes. This consolidated the German fragmentation. This was the main result of the social movement.

Nevertheless, the Reformation movement was reflected in the cultural life of Germany. The social upsurge was an important stimulus for the development of national identity, the German language, and a new religious system - Protestantism.

Author: Irina Tkachenko

Random interesting fact from the Great Encyclopedia:

What non-standard anatomical feature does the Statue of Liberty have?

The structure of the foot, in which the second toe is longer than the first, is called "Morton's toe". Such a structure is found in about 10% of people and often does not cause any inconvenience, although with improperly selected shoes it can cause pain and calluses. The ancient Greeks and Romans considered just such a variant of the leg to be an aesthetic standard, which was reflected in the sculptures. Therefore, the foot with the Morton toe is also called the Greek foot, as opposed to the Egyptian foot, each toe of which is shorter than the previous one. By the way, the Statue of Liberty also has a Greek foot.

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