How cold is the universe? Detailed answer

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How cold is the universe? Detailed answer

Big encyclopedia for children and adults

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How cold is the universe?

A little more than three degrees above absolute zero, i.e. approximately -270 ° C. Below absolute zero (0 K), there is no temperature; at such a temperature, theoretically, the thermal movement of molecules, atoms, etc. should stop.

Author: Mendeleev V.A.

Random interesting fact from the Great Encyclopedia:

How do animals get rabies?

Human and animal diseases are caused by viruses. A virus is a microbe, very small, indistinguishable under a normal microscope. The virus that causes rabies can live in any warm-blooded animal. A person can also get the disease from an infected dog. In rural areas, wild animals - wolves, foxes, skunks, bears, bats - can become infected with this virus. It can also infect pets. In other words, the rabies virus enters the body of an animal, infection develops, and the animal becomes rabid.

The infection enters the body, but the disease is not noticeable for some time, usually 4 to 6 weeks. Dogs first become lethargic, the temperature rises, appetite disappears. Then they start to worry. Saliva flows from the mouth. They growl and bark and are ready to bite everyone. The dog dies 3-5 days after the onset of these symptoms. If the virus is present in saliva, the disease can be transmitted through a bite. Very rarely it is transmitted in other ways.

In humans, the disease begins in the same way as in a dog. He becomes lethargic, the temperature rises, strange sensations arise. Soon the muscles begin to tighten and twitch. When a person tries to drink, the muscles of the mouth and throat contract into spasms. Therefore, this disease has another name - hydrophobia, or rabies. Muscle spasm occurs due to changes in the nervous system. Death occurs when the respiratory muscles undergo spasms.

If a person or animal falls ill with this disease, death is inevitable. Therefore, the disease must be prevented. The bite site must be carefully treated. The person or animal must be examined by a doctor within three days of being bitten. Serum is used in the treatment. The serum acts on the virus before it develops and damages the brain. The injections are given every day for 2-3 weeks.

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Random news from the Archive

New stable form of plutonium discovered 31.10.2019

A team of researchers from the HZDR Institute (Helmholtz Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf), Germany, has discovered a completely new stable form of plutonium quite by accident. This unstable and radioactive element needs special measures during transportation, storage and disposal, and the discovery of German scientists can become a new way to solve the problems mentioned above.

The instability of plutonium makes it an incredibly powerful source of energy, on the one hand, and, on the other hand, a potentially destructive force capable of causing an ecological catastrophe. Some of the isotopes of plutonium can exist for tens of millions of years, and it is easy to imagine the consequences of contamination of groundwater, for example, with such isotopes. Therefore, scientists are constantly looking for new ways to more safely store, transport and dispose of plutonium and its compounds. And just during such studies, scientists from HZDR accidentally found a new stable form.

One of the safest forms of plutonium is plutonium dioxide, which is a ceramic material that does not dissolve in water and has a fairly high melting point. Plutonium dioxide nanoparticles can be obtained in different ways using various starting materials, called precursors (precursors), containing plutonium isotopes. German scientists in their experiments used precursors called Plutonium (VI) (Pu (VI)), dissolved in water, and noticed very strange chemical reactions.

Pu(VI), during its transformation into plutonium dioxide, passed through a transition phase in which this material became solid and stable. Under normal conditions, pentavalent plutonium Pu (V) is neither a solid nor a stable material, so what scientists managed to notice was attributed to the wrong course of chemical reactions for the synthesis of plutonium dioxide.

In order to confirm some of the assumptions, the researchers used the Rossendorf Beamline X-ray spectrometer (ROBL). This device allows you to measure the energy of radioactive elements by irradiating them with X-rays and measuring the intensity of their fluorescence. These studies confirmed the existence of a new phase of Pu(V), and the selected samples were re-tested after three months, which made it possible to confirm the stability of the new form of plutonium for a long time.

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