Does the universe have an end? Detailed answer

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Does the universe have an end? Detailed answer

Big encyclopedia for children and adults

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Does the universe have an end?

Most astronomers believe that the universe that we can observe is only a part of the universe, extending into an infinitely distant space. But how far does it spread? Or is it endless? Maybe somewhere it still has an end?

According to many astronomers, the answers to these questions can be found in the nature of the cosmos. According to modern theory, the Universe is finite, but boundless, twisted around itself. This means that it is impossible to leave this space, since any path will run in a circle and lead back to the starting point.

Author: Cellarius E.Yu.

Random interesting fact from the Great Encyclopedia:

How durable are atoms?

Atoms are practically eternal. According to some estimates, the duration of their existence, expressed in years, is represented by one followed by 35 zeros - one hundred trillion sextillions.

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The use of graphene will become even more efficient 19.12.2013

The material graphene, which is a flat two-dimensional structure of carbon atoms, is promising for many applications. But in order to be able to use it, it is necessary to carry out doping, that is, the introduction of impurities in order to modulate the electrical properties of the material, or other processing. Alloying can be an expensive and difficult process. But a group of scientists from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the University of California at Berkeley have managed to develop a simple and relatively inexpensive processing method that can unlock the potential of graphene.

This new method is described in an article published in the latest issue of the journal Nature Chemistry. Scientists have long been interested in the possible applications of graphene in solar cells, thermoelectric devices, water filtration devices, and a host of other applications. Pure graphene lacks some of the properties that semiconductor devices require. But adding oxygen atoms adds these properties, the researchers say.

Existing methods do not allow a predictable distribution of oxygen atoms along the surface of graphene. In addition, they provide for the use of aggressive chemicals or a temperature regime of 700-900 degrees Celsius. The new approach makes it possible to improve graphene using low temperatures of the order of only 50-80 degrees Celsius. There is no need for chemical additives. Scientists attribute flexible scalability to the advantages of their method, which is important for commercial applications.

The low-temperature annealing process changes the distribution of oxygen atoms without changing the overall structure of graphene. The electrical resistance of the material in this case can be reduced by 4-5 times. It is interesting that with this method it is possible to obtain separate regions of pure graphene in the material structure between regions with oxygen atoms, which have the properties of so-called "quantum dots" (they can be used in highly efficient light emitters). Separately, a high ability to absorb light is noted. Compared to traditional untreated graphene oxide, the new method creates a material with a 38% improvement in photon absorption efficiency.

According to scientists, their method will open up many useful applications for graphene.

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