What are the specifics of the Reformation in France? Detailed answer

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What are the specifics of the Reformation in France? Detailed answer

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What are the specifics of the Reformation in France?

The reform movement in France had its own characteristics. The royal power long before the Reformation managed to subjugate the Catholic Church. In 1438, the "Pragmatic Sanction" was signed, according to which a national Gallican church was established in France, which, without breaking with Rome, managed to protect itself from the excessive claims of the pope.

But the reform movement affected France. Here it was represented by two streams: Lutheran and Calvinist. The first stream soon dried up, while the second plunged the country into the abyss of long civil wars.

At the end of the 40s. XVI century a reformation movement was born in the country, which subsequently received worldwide distribution - Calvinism. The rapid growth of Calvinism and its militant nature frightened the government, and it began repressive actions against its supporters. The teachings of J. Calvin did not become widespread among the bourgeoisie, it was more actively used by the feudal nobility to carry out reactionary separatist plans.

The further development of the Reformation is associated with civil wars that lasted from 1559 to 1598. The civil wars in France actually resulted in the struggle of the old feudal nobility against the political centralization of the country. But they were religious in color and formally represented the struggle of the Calvinists (Huguenots) with the Catholics.

At the head of the Calvinists was the feudal aristocracy of the south of France - the Bourbons, Conde and others, the southern petty and middle feudal nobility; southern and southwestern cities. Separatist sentiments were strong in this environment.

The advanced bourgeoisie of the North, on the contrary, was interested in the strong power of the king, that is, they supported the process of centralization of the country. In the course of civil wars within this predominantly Catholic camp, a reactionary group of court aristocracy took shape, headed by the Duke of Guise. Its reactionary nature manifested itself in the struggle for power with the ruling Valois dynasty.

The first stage of the war ended in 1570 with the conclusion of peace in Saint-Germain, which brought success to the Huguenots. They were allowed to hold public office, Protestant worship was allowed throughout the kingdom.

Catherine de Medici, who ruled France at that time, found it beneficial to rapprochement with the Huguenots, this allowed her to have a counterbalance to the Guise party. She called the Huguenots to court. But Catherine was afraid of the strengthening of the Huguenots, and she decided to get ahead of events and destroy the Huguenot leaders. In such an atmosphere, the wedding of Henry, King of Navarre, with the king's sister Margaret of Valois was celebrated. This marriage was to seal the peace between the Huguenots and the king. But Catherine de Medici took advantage of this event differently. The Huguenot aristocracy and representatives of the nobility from the southern provinces gathered in Paris for the wedding. It was an opportunity to do away with the Huguenots. Catherine and Charles IX decided to use the hatred of the Guises for the Huguenots and put an end to them at once. On August 24, 1572, on the day of St. Bartholomew, between 2 and 4 am, the alarm sounded. The massacre of the taken by surprise Huguenots began. The massacre continued for several days and spread to the province.

This event did not weaken the Huguenot movement. The Huguenots in the south of the country created their own organization - the Huguenot confederation with its own army, tax system and self-government. But in the second stage of the civil wars, the goal of the Huguenots was to fight not so much against the Guises, but rather against the Valois. The state unity of the country was called into question.

After the death of Charles IX in 1574, the Guise party became more active, which openly switched to the path of anti-dynastic struggle. Fearing the strengthening of the Huguenots, Giza created their own organization - the Catholic League.

The struggle of the Guises with the dynastic Valois dynasty ended in their defeat.

In 1594 Henry of Navarre came to power in France. He converted to Catholicism, and in 1598 the Edict of Nantes was issued in the country, which regulated the religious issue. The Catholic religion was recognized as dominant in France, but the edict allowed the confession of Protestantism. The royal court managed to maintain the integrity of the country.

Author: Irina Tkachenko

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Silver is a precious metal with remarkable properties. It has been known to man and used by him since the dawn of history. Silver conducts electricity and heat better than all other metals. It is the whitest metal. Silver reflects light more than other metals, which is why it is used for mirror coatings.

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24-pin ATX connector will be replaced by 10-pin 31.01.2020

The PC market, of course, is more inert than the smartphone market, but even here everything is changing, and in recent years it has been very active. It is enough to take the processor segment, where less than three years have passed since the release of the first Ryzen CPUs, and there have been more changes than in the previous ten.

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