What are nitrobacteria? Detailed answer

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What are nitrobacteria? Detailed answer

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What are nitrobacteria?

Can you imagine something absolutely necessary for life, which is all around us, but which must be "captured" in order to be used? This is nitrogen. Approximately four-fifths of the air we breathe is made up of nitrogen gas. And we exhale it back the same as we inhaled it, using nitrogen only to dilute the oxygen, not to inhale too much at a time. Protoplasm, that is, the substance of which all living cells are composed, requires oxygen for its formation. And protein, the main nutrient matter, is formed on the basis of nitrogen components.

So, being able to isolate nitrogen from the air is vital. This process is called nitrogen fixation. Bacteria do most of this process for us. There are two types of nitrogen fixing bacteria. One of them lives on the roots of plants, and the other - in the soil in a free form. How do they "fix" nitrogen? These bacteria take nitrogen directly from the air, combine it with oxygen, and then build proteins based on this combination. Root-dwelling bacteria only live on the roots of plants such as beans, clover, alfalfa, and peas. But they fix more nitrogen than these plants need, and as a result, excess nitrogen accumulates in the roots.

When a plant dies or its top is cut off during harvesting, excess nitrogen passes into the ground. When a field has been used for crops for many years and the crop is harvested regularly, the nitrogen does not return to the soil. The soil because of this loses its ability to nourish plants. That is why farmers have to use fertilizers.

Fertilizers that replace nitrogen in the soil are sodium nitrate, ammonium sulfate, and animal and bird droppings, such as manure. Nowadays, there are also artificial methods of nitrogen fixation to restore the required amount of nitrogen in the soil.

Author: Likum A.

Random interesting fact from the Great Encyclopedia:

What is the difference between a donkey and a donkey?

What is the difference between a donkey and a donkey? Absolutely nothing. The fact is that both of these names refer to the same animal, more precisely to the male donkey (the female is called a donkey). The donkey is one of the first domesticated animals. The Egyptians domesticated donkeys over 5000 years ago.

Due to their exceptional usefulness, these animals are bred all over the world. There are many varieties of donkeys. For example, in Somalia and other parts of Africa, there are wild Somali donkeys, cautious animals that live in groups of 5 to 20 individuals, feeding on dry grass and shrubs in the desert. Most of the local tribes hunt Somali donkeys for their skin and meat or catch them for sale, so today this animal is quite rare.

Several species of wild donkeys live in Asia. One of them, the Syrian donkey, which once lived in Syria and other areas of the Middle East, is now, in all likelihood, already extinct.

The donkey is adapted to life in the desert and can do without water for some time. At the time of the birth of offspring, donkeys gather in large herds, but soon break up into small groups and disperse throughout the country. Modern donkeys are descendants of the Nubian donkeys from northeast Africa, which were once found throughout the territory from the Nile to the Red Sea. But most species of wild donkeys have already been exterminated, and now people are trying to protect a few surviving species from a similar fate. In many parts of Mexico and Central America, the donkey is a common means of transportation, replacing the horse or car.

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Random news from the Archive

Molecule from photons 13.10.2013

For the first time, it was possible to combine photons into a molecule - until now, even theorizing on this topic has caused fierce debate in the scientific community. Physicists Professor Mikhail Lukin of Harvard and Professor Vladan Vuletic of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) have actually been able to create a new form of matter from particles of light. The discovery of scientists contradicts decades of conventional wisdom about the nature of light. It has long been believed that photons are massless particles that do not interact with each other. Simply put, two beams of light simply pass through each other. However, the "photonic molecules" created by scientists behave very differently and, in theory, make hitherto unbelievable things possible, such as the lightsaber from Star Wars.

“Most of the properties of light that we know are related to the lack of mass of photons and the fact that they do not interact with each other,” explains Mikhail Lukin. “We have created a special type of medium. In it, photons interact with each other so strongly that "they start acting like they have mass. As a result, the photons are bound together to form molecules. This type of bound photon state has been suggested by theorists for quite some time, but has not yet been observed."

When photons interact, they push against each other and deflect each other. That is, the lightsaber of the Jedi, a solid light pillar, in the light of the discovery of scientists, no longer looks like a stupid notion of science fiction. To force "normal" massless photons to bind to each other, Lukin and his colleagues pumped rubidium atoms into a vacuum chamber and then cooled them with a laser to a temperature several degrees above absolute zero. After that, using extremely weak laser pulses, single photons were sent into a cloud of rubitium atoms.

As the photon enters the cloud of cold atoms, its energy excites the atoms in its path, causing the photon to slow down significantly. The energy of the photon is transferred from atom to atom and the photon loses it, but in the end, it flies out of the cloud, remaining the same light pulse as before entering the cloud.

When a photon exits the cloud, its identity is preserved, as happens with a beam of light in a glass of water. In the case of rubidium atoms, this process is a bit more extreme - the light slows down significantly and loses a lot more energy. However, scientists were surprised by something else: photons came out of the cloud of rubidium atoms together, as one molecule. How are these "molecules" formed and why has no one seen such molecules yet?

The effect by which photons are converted into a special form of matter is called Rydberg blockade. It is based on the fact that when an atom is excited, neighboring atoms cannot be excited to the same degree. In practice, this means that when two photons fly into a cloud of atoms, the first photon excites the atom and is forced to move forward before the second photon excites another nearby atom. Simply put, photons either pull or push each other, that is, they interact with each other like molecules, albeit indirectly (through rubidium atoms). However, when the photons exit the cloud, they exit together, not as single photons.

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