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smart fuse

20.02.2008

American gunsmiths have created a reliable miniature.

"When they talk about smart weapons, they must be smart in everything. In particular, the fuses must understand where the ammunition is and whether it is time to detonate it," says Michael Beggans from the Center for Land Support for Naval Operations (USA), where, together with colleagues from the Georgia Institute of Technology have developed a new technology for the manufacture of fuses. Now they can be made in the same way as microcircuits.

The new fuse is made from a porous copper plate. To make it, a resin-bonded copper oxide paste is applied to a fabric template with microspheres. Then the product is heated, the template evaporates, and copper oxide turns into a metal plate, the shape of which repeats the shape of the template. An explosive is placed in the resulting micron-sized pores. Then a microcircuit is applied to the plate by microelectronics, cut into millimeter-sized pieces, and the microfuse is ready.

Now, from these fuses, you need to assemble a finished fuse device the size of a centimeter. Thanks to the new technology, the fuse is produced automatically, and up to a hundred of these high-tech fuses can be produced simultaneously.

"Our technology covers the full range of fuze sizes that are needed for naval munitions," says Jason Nadler, director of operations at the Georgia Institute of Technology.

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Neurons with ears 27.09.2015

Neuroscientists often use optogenetic methods, where neurons in the brain of a test mouse are activated by light. The neuron is supplied with a photosensitive membrane protein, which, under the action of light, opens ion channels in the membrane; the redistribution of ions between the inner and outer sides of the membrane generates a nerve impulse. Light can be "conducted" into the brain with the help of a fiber optic light guide, as far as the gene for a photosensitive protein, then genetic engineering tricks come to the rescue. Optogenetics allows you to selectively control clearly defined groups of neurons, which, of course, gives us a lot of information about the work of individual nerve circuits and entire regions of the brain.

But light is not the only switch that can be used here. Researchers at Salk University have created an alternative sonogenetic method, named after the optogenetic one. By the name, you can understand that here we are talking about sound, or rather, about ultrasound, which triggers a neural impulse. Ultrasound causes mechanical vibrations, that is, neurons need an ion channel that opens and closes in response to a mechanical stimulus. Stuart Ibsen and his colleagues used TRP-4 as such a channel, activating its gene in various nerve cells of the roundworm, the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans.

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The advantage of sonogenetics is that there is no need to introduce a sound guide into the body - ultrasonic vibrations come to neurons from outside. (However, it is worth noting that options have appeared in optogenetics when researchers are limited to external light irradiation with increased permeability, and light-sensitive proteins in neurons respond to a signal reaching them through the thickness of tissues.) In addition, the authors of the new method propose the use of multichannel sound so that different neurons "hear" something of their own, and as a result, it would be possible to immediately observe the work of several nerve circuits.

Previously, there have already appeared works devoted to the stimulating effect of ultrasound on the brain of animals and humans; and Sony even patented a technique that would allow gamers to smell, taste and hear sounds, all thanks to sound stimulation. In the case of sonogenetics, we are talking about the most specific effect, focused on individual nerve cells, however, due to the necessary genetic engineering manipulations, this method is unlikely to ever be used on humans.

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