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BIG ENCYCLOPEDIA FOR CHILDREN AND ADULTS
How did fairs come about? Detailed answer
Directory / Big encyclopedia. Questions for quiz and self-education Did you know? How did fairs come about? In ancient times, most people lived on farms or large estates. There were no shops at that time, as small settlements were located too far from each other. In addition, there were not enough goods and people for daily trade. But people always gathered together for religious holidays, and merchants waited for the time when people gathered in large groups to sell their goods to them. This is how fairs appeared in ancient times. The word "fair" ("fair") comes from the Latin word "feria", which means "holiday" or "holiday". The Egyptians held fairs for buying and selling when they gathered at graves and cemeteries for religious ceremonies. The Greeks held fairs and festivals in honor of their gods at Delphi, where there was a famous oracle. Long before the time of Muhammad, thousands of people made the journey to Mecca, the Arab religious and commercial center. After week-long religious ceremonies and holidays, they traded in precious jewelry, oil and leather. Trading bazaars were an important event in India, and in China, and in Persia, and among the Aztecs of Mexico. In the Roman Empire, the bazaars were closely associated with the holding of religious festivals in honor of the harvest. The villagers brought agricultural products for these holidays and exchanged them for clothes and other goods they needed. In the old days, only some cities had the right to organize fairs. This right was given to the lord who ruled the city, the king or the first minister. Merchants who wanted to sell their goods in the bazaar had to pay the lord for permission. Special rules and laws were defined for holding bazaars. Honesty was in the foreground so that people would not be deceived. At an early stage of civilization, warring people, meeting in the bazaar, stopped the war, as they considered the venues of the fairs to be sacred. Fairs played an important role in the development of trade. They made possible trade between the countries of the East and Europe. Author: Likum A.
What is chalk? There is no person in the whole world who has not encountered chalk in his life. In millions of classrooms on Earth, students write with chalk on the blackboard. What would a teacher do without chalk? Do you know that in the beginning chalk was an animal? In the waters of the oceans there are various types of tiny plants and animals. One of them is a single-celled creature called "foraminifera" with a lime shell. As they die, they sink to the ocean floor. Over time, a thick layer of these shells forms. Of course, this takes millions of years. Gradually, this layer cements and turns into soft limestone, which we call chalk. As we already know, various changes on the Earth turned the seabed into land. This happened in the English Channel. The layers of chalk, which were on the seabed, were raised above the surface of the sea. The most loose areas were washed away by water, leaving high chalk cliffs. The best known are at Dover on the English side and at Dieppe on the French side. In various parts of the world, chalk lies far from the sea, where the sea once was. An example of this is the states of Kansas, Arkansas and Texas in the USA. But the best natural chalk is obtained in England. For hundreds of years, people have been using chalk for various purposes. The chalk we use in class is mixed with binders to keep it from crumbling. The best school chalk is 95% chalk. By adding various dyes, you can get chalk of any color. After pulverizing, washing and filtering, the chalk produces a white powder, which is used to add to putty, paint, drugs, paper, toothpaste and various powders!
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