How do archaeologists know what they find? Detailed answer

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How do archaeologists know what they find? Detailed answer

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How do archaeologists know what they find?

An archaeologist digs up things buried by ancient people. The question is, how can he imagine cities, people and objects as they were, recreate a past life from what he found? The thing is, he can't always do this, because he doesn't always find exactly the things he needs to create a complete picture of people's lives in the past.

In the end, all he finds is just what the ancestors left behind, usually items that were used every day. These can be the remains of houses, tools, jewelry, dishes, toys, as well as the bones of eaten animals. But many of the things that were important to the lives of primitive people cannot be found. Items made from leather, wood, cotton, wool, and straw usually break down quickly and leave no traces. Another mystery for archaeologists is the clothing of ancient people. An archaeologist can tell if they used cloth or animal skins, but if they left no images of themselves, he can say little about their clothing.

The archaeologist also has no answer to the question of whether the ancient people had an artistic taste, and he knows practically nothing about their thoughts and ideas. Therefore, his picture of the life of the first people may be very incomplete. But despite this, the archaeologist can tell us a lot. First, he determines the order in which the cities were built - one on the ruins of another. Then he must know the city where the item was found. A tag is attached to each item, it is photographed, measured, etc. If the archaeological site belongs to historical times, he must know the ancient writing of the area.

Many experts help archaeologists: geologists, botanists, zoologists and others, that is, all those who help him identify and analyze the found material. Sometimes it takes an archaeologist years of work and scientific research before he can publish a work about his findings. But if he succeeds, a delightful picture of the past can unfold before us - a picture of the life of ancient peoples.

Author: Likum A.

Random interesting fact from the Great Encyclopedia:

How do bees make honey?

Bees make honey because it is their food. Therefore, the process of making this product is a way of preparing food for a colony of bees.

The first thing a bee does is look for flowers and collect nectar from them. Then she carries it in a special honey bag. This bag-like cavity is in front of the bee's abdomen. There is a valve that separates this section from the abdomen.

The first stage of honey production starts in the cavity of the bee. The sugar contained in the nectar undergoes a chemical reaction. The next step is to remove excess water from the nectar. It is achieved by evaporation, which occurs due to heat and ventilation in the hive.

The honey in the combs brought by the honey bees contains so much natural nectar water that it can last forever! It is placed in honeycombs for maturation in order to serve as food for bees in the future.

By the way, when the bees do not find nectar, they collect all kinds of sweet liquids secreted by beetles, or special plant secretions.

Honey is obtained from the hive in various ways. It can be squeezed out of combs under pressure, or it can be sold in combs removed from the hive. However, most of the honey is extracted from the combs by a machine known as a honey extractor. Using centrifugal force, she forces the honey out of the comb.

Honey varies greatly depending on which flowers the nectar is collected from, where the hive is located. Honey contains a surprising number of substances. The main constituents are two types of sugar known as fructose and glucose. There is also a small amount of sucrose (cane sugar), maltose, dextrin, minerals, various enzymes, numerous vitamins in small quantities, just a little bit of protein and acids.

Honey can be very different in color and taste - it depends on what was the source of the nectar. In areas where honey is produced, there are usually only a few plants suitable for collecting nectar. So, in the northeast of the USA it is clover, in the west it is alfalfa, in Europe it is heather.

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The brain of musicians adapts to different music 28.01.2018

It is known that the brain adapts to what we are constantly, day after day, doing. The most famous example here is London taxi drivers, who have to keep a map of all of London in their minds and who therefore have an enlarged part of the brain that controls spatial navigation.

And if we take, for example, musicians, then their brains must work clearly differently than those of all other people who are not involved in music; after all, in order to perform, let alone compose music, different areas of the brain must communicate with each other in a very special way.

What's more, musicians' brains will work differently depending on the kind of music they're playing. Researchers at the Max Planck Society's Institute for the Brain and Human Consciousness compared the brain activity of jazz pianists and classical classical pianists. Jazz, as you know, is built on improvisation, and the musician must be prepared for constant harmonic deviations, unusual chords, etc. In the academic classics, the performer always plays the same notes, but they can play them in different ways - interpretation is valued here , consisting of sound dynamics, intonations and other things; it all depends on how the pianist, roughly speaking, puts his fingers on the keys.

And in the experiment, two groups of musicians were shown a video with a hand playing a certain sequence of chords. In some cases, unexpected, as if erroneous sounds crept into the chords, which opened the way to improvisation, in other cases nothing unusual appeared in harmony, but instead some oddities were in the fingering (i.e., in the order of arrangement and alternation of fingers). The participants in the experiment had to immediately exactly repeat the movements on their piano keyboard (it did not make any sounds, so as not to interfere with observing the work of the brain).

During the game, the musicians, whatever they play, one way or another plan their own movements. And if suddenly plans have to be changed unexpectedly, this can be seen in the brain rhythms on the electroencephalogram. An article in NeuroImage says that jazz pianists, when they had to suddenly repeat an unusual chord, replanned movements a little earlier, and they made fewer mistakes, repeating strange harmonies after the hand. In other words, their brains were constantly ready for improvisation. On the other hand, when it was necessary to play with an unusual fingering, then the brains of the performers of the academic repertoire used to be rebuilt - that is, their brains were by default ready to play the same chords, but in a different way.

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