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BASICS OF SAFE LIFE
Essence and classification of emergencies. Basics of safe life
Directory / Basics of safe life Creating the conditions for his existence and development, satisfying his needs, a person constantly influences the world around him and thereby causes its response - opposition. In the course or as a result of this opposition, he, in turn, is exposed to various factors, including social ones. At the same time, without serious consequences for oneself, a person tolerates these effects only as long as they do not exceed a certain limit or level of acceptable risk. Then there is a violation of human health or the functioning of society, i.e. there is dangerous situation, which, in principle, is still reversible and, if timely measures are taken, can decrease to an acceptable level or disappear altogether. However, when the process of danger increases and begins to get out of control, then there is extreme situation, which is understood as a dangerous situation that poses a real threat to human life or society as a whole. From a philosophical point of view, danger is nothing more than a figurative, emotionally colored expression of what is commonly referred to as the approach of a particular system to a crisis state. In this regard, danger can be defined as a concept that fixes the growth in the life of a person or his communities of such contradictions, the further development of which is fraught with the death of people. Danger can appear in various forms: in the form of intentions, preparation plans and the actions themselves aimed at destroying, subjugating, etc., security objects. From a methodological point of view, it is necessary first of all to understand what is a source of threat to a person and society as a whole and how the danger affects social relations. If all attention is focused on threats and dangers (terrorism, crime, drug addiction, etc.) without identifying their causes, it is impossible to prevent emergencies and effectively deal with them. Thus, social threats and dangers are the result of existing and emerging contradictions in society itself, in interstate relations, and without their identification and elimination, no security can be ensured. Let us consider in general terms the mechanism of action of danger. Its impact on a particular system is a process that has a certain structure, in which static and dynamic aspects are distinguished. The first includes permanent factors of possible emergencies, the second - unstable ones. Static aspect danger includes:
Dynamic aspect danger is characterized by:
Identification and analysis of the mechanism of action of hazards make it possible to solve two important problems in methodological and practical terms. Firstly, they allow you to see and analyze the system of relationships between its elements, which is very important for creating a system for protecting an object from hazards. Secondly, they help develop a clear hazard classification system. As an example, let's take classification by V. I. Yarochkin, in which social dangers are grouped according to the following criteria:
In addition to social (public) dangers in the broad sense, there are, as already noted, social dangers in the narrow sense, i.e., dangers that have become widespread in society and threaten the life and health of a large number of people. Their carriers are also people with different behavioral characteristics and united in different social groups. The causes of social dangers lie in the socio-economic processes taking place in society. "The consequences of a deep social crisis," the National Security Concept of the Russian Federation notes, "are a sharp reduction in the birth rate and average life expectancy in the country, the deformation of the demographic and social composition of society, the undermining of labor resources as the basis for the development of production, the weakening of the fundamental cell of society - the family, the decline in spiritual moral and creative potential of the population". At the same time, it should be noted the contradictory nature of the causes resulting in social dangers. Their main prerequisite is the imperfection of human nature, therefore the presence of a developed system of organization of state power and civil society, an adequate legal system is the most important condition for preventing social dangers and reliable protection against them. The social dangers are very numerous. These include various, including legalized, forms of violence (wars, armed conflicts, terrorist acts, riots, repressions, etc.), crime (banditry, theft, fraud, charlatanism, etc.), the use of substances, violating the mental and physical balance of a person (alcohol, nicotine, drugs, drugs), suicides (suicides), etc., that can damage a person’s health and life. Social hazards in the context under consideration can also be classified according to certain criteria. 1. By nature, related:
2. Event scale: local, regional, national, global. 3. By organization: accidental, intentional. 4. By gender: specific to children, youth, women, the elderly, etc. The historical experience of mankind shows that the neglect of social dangers, ignoring them leads to the fact that they become poorly managed, develop into an extreme stage and turn into social emergencies, many times greater in their consequences than emergencies of a different origin (natural, man-made, environmental, biological etc.). Emergency is a situation in a certain territory that has developed as a result of an accident, a natural hazard, a catastrophe, a natural or other action that may or have caused human casualties, damage to human health or the environment, significant material losses or violations of people's living conditions. Based on this definition social emergencies - this is the situation in a certain territory that has developed as a result of the emergence of dangerous contradictions and conflicts in the sphere of social relations that may or have entailed human casualties, damage to human health or the environment, significant material losses or violation of people's living conditions. At the heart of the emergence and development of emergencies of a social nature is a violation due to various reasons of the balance of social relations (economic, political, interethnic, confessional), causing serious contradictions, conflicts and wars. Their catalysts can be various circumstances that cause social tension - unemployment, corruption, crime, riots, acts of terrorism, government crises, inflation, food problems, social disorder, everyday nationalism, localism, etc. The long-term impact of these factors leads to chronic physiological and mental fatigue of people, to severe extreme conditions such as depression, suicide, etc., to attempts to sublimate the accumulated negative energy by active participation in socio-political and military conflicts. Social emergencies are classified according to the following criteria:
There is a classification of emergencies of a social nature, which is based on their conflict relationship with human activity. In accordance with this classification, the following main types of emergencies are distinguished: economic crises, rampant criminality, large-scale corruption, social explosions, extremist political struggle, national and religious conflicts, terrorism, intelligence confrontation, military clashes. Speaking about the classification of social emergencies, it must be emphasized that they, unlike emergencies of a different origin, are amenable to forecast because they are connected with the actions of society. However, these forecasts are often subjective, since people are subject to ideological influence, which sometimes prevents them from objectively assessing social phenomena and processes. The most important cause of emergencies of social origin is action of risk factors. They are based on the accumulation and subsequent release of negative social energy (socio-economic, political, inter-ethnic, inter-confessional and other contradictions, their development into crisis situations of an emergency nature). There are four stages of action of risk factors: 1. Accumulation of risk factors, that occurs at the source of the risk. This is one of the most important stages in the development of social emergencies. It can last moments, days, weeks, months, years, and sometimes decades. It includes contradictions in society, leading to socio-political conflicts. Examples include the accumulation of prerequisites for social upheavals in Russia at the beginning and end of the XNUMXth century, military preparations, etc. 2. Initiation of an emergency event, i.e. a kind of push, its trigger. At this stage, risk factors reach a state where, for various reasons, it is no longer possible to contain their external manifestations. For example, objective prerequisites (economic crisis, inflation, corruption, crime) and objective factors (the socio-psychological state of society) can reach a state in which a social explosion is inevitable. In this case, any reason (lack of food in stores or incorrect behavior of law enforcement officers during spontaneous protests) can lead to a social explosion. 3. The process of the most extraordinary event. At this stage, the released social risk factors affect people and social structures. The duration of this process, its consequences, especially in the initial period, are difficult to predict, which is explained by the complexity and inconsistency of the situation, as well as the not always correct assessment of the situation. An example of this is the beginning of hostilities in Chechnya, when all the consequences of this action were not calculated, on the one hand, associated with an underestimation of the readiness of its population to go to the end in their struggle, and on the other hand, with an overestimation of the state of combat and moral and psychological training of the Armed Forces. Russian forces. 4. decay stage, which chronologically covers the period from the overlap (limitation) of the source of danger, i.e., the localization of emergency situations, to the elimination of its consequences. In world practice, it is generally accepted and chronological sequence of emergency phases, which can be applied to emergencies of social origin: threat, warning, impact, assessment of the situation, rescue operations, assistance, recovery. There is also geographical division of the territory, affected by an extraordinary event:
All of the above allows us to conclude that social emergencies are determined by the living conditions of people. The worse they are, the higher the level of social discontent and the more difficult it is to contain. With an unfavorable development of events, individual small waves of open discontent unite, gain destructive force, covering more and more new territories. The instability of life gives rise to dissatisfaction with it and, as a result, protest, which results in actions that destroy the already damaged infrastructure of life support. This, in turn, gives rise to a new explosion of protest and new destructive actions. Thus, the destruction process acquires an avalanche-like character. By itself, this process can stop only when everything is destroyed. Therefore, for its localization, joint active actions of all the healthy forces of society are necessary. However, in conditions of destabilization caused by social emergencies, there are not so many of them. This is due to the fact that for an individual, such a situation is fraught with a sharp decline in living standards, social insecurity, the destruction of previously existing social stereotypes and spiritual values, and psychological stress. A person becomes, on the one hand, oppressed, on the other, aggressive, due to which he commits acts that he would never have dared to do under conditions of a stable life. The number of suicides and acts of violence is on the rise. The price of life is rapidly falling. In these cases, the social sphere inevitably degrades catastrophically quickly, on which the life expectancy of each person and the country's population as a whole largely depends. People get sick and die from diseases that, under normal conditions, with a healthy lifestyle, stable medicine and tightly controlled sanitary standards, can be avoided. Under the influence of social cataclysms, crime is gaining strength. The average person faces a direct threat of violence from either the criminals, or the protesting masses, or the increasingly harsh power structures. In addition, social emergencies are provoked by man-made accidents and catastrophes, natural disasters. Ancient Chinese thinkers, based on the data of centuries of observation, argued that social upheavals awaken the natural elements. There are also examples in Russian history that "times of troubles", revolutions and wars were accompanied by natural disasters - climatic anomalies, when snowfalls and frosts occurred in the hottest summer months (early 1941th century), and winter began with severe frosts at the end of October (1988), permanent crop failures, earthquakes (Armenia, XNUMX), etc. And finally, during a social emergency, the moral balance in society is disturbed. That is why emergencies of this kind are larger and more tragic than the most grandiose natural disasters. Moreover, regardless of their consequences - be it a decrease in the standard of living of the population or a revolution and a civil war. The victims in both cases number in the hundreds of thousands. Only in an open war are they obvious and therefore easier to count, and in the destabilization of society they are hidden, since they include thousands of "accidental deaths" from violent crimes, accidents, epidemics and other concomitant social emergency factors. When social cataclysms arise, the question of the possibility of survival naturally arises. Experts in this field answer it in the affirmative, but with certain reservations. Individual survival, in their opinion, in conditions of social catastrophes is possible, but much more effective. collective survival. However, the safety of people can be fully guaranteed only by stopping the social catastrophe at the very beginning. This requires the joint efforts of all the people. Authors: Gubanov V.M., Mikhailov L.A., Solomin V.P.
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