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BASICS OF SAFE LIFE
General approaches to the organization of tourist trips. Basics of safe life
Directory / Basics of safe life In terms of form and nature, tourism is divided into planned and amateur tourism. Planned tourism - these are trips and excursions on permits of councils in tourism and excursions, voluntary sports societies, excursion and tourist stations and other organizations that are engaged in tourism. Tourists follow the studied, described and sometimes marked routes under the guidance of instructors who have sufficient experience and good knowledge of the area. The entire route, as a rule, passes through tourist bases, where the participants of the hikes are provided with accommodation, services of guides, guides, medical and cultural services, and transport on certain parts of the route. Amateur tourism - these are trips that are held for the purpose of active recreation and health improvement of workers and youth. Tourism is an integral part of the system of physical education in the daily life of the broad masses of the population. In such cases, tourists themselves select the composition of the group, make up the route themselves, provide themselves with the necessary hiking equipment and food, and organize excursions, crossings and overnight stays on the route. This form of organizing tourist trips most fully meets the goals and objectives of mass tourism. Hiking trips are one- and multi-day, weekend trips; they are divided into categories of difficulty: I, II, III, IV, V. Weekend hikes are the most popular and mass events. They are held on weekends and are the "primary" school for the tourist. They are held for the purpose of active recreation, study of the native land, acquaintance with nature, memorable places of the region, attraction of the widest segments of the population to tourism. Weekend hikes are one way to train and prepare for the next long hikes. In these trips, a novice tourist receives the first knowledge of camping life, the first skills, improves his general physical fitness, etc. Everyone can take part in these trips. Multi-day non-categorical hikes are hikes along well-known routes for the purpose of physical improvement, study of the native land. Forming a group One of the important stages in the organization of a tourist trip is the acquisition of a tourist group. Without much effort, a tourist group is formed from members of the same team, connected by common production or other interests, close in age and physical fitness. With such a composition, the requests and capabilities of each are taken into account, a route is jointly selected and developed in advance. First, it is important to establish the optimal composition of the participants in the campaign. Experience suggests that the most optimal group size is up to 10-15 people. This ensures maneuverability, compliance with the traffic schedule, overcoming natural obstacles. With a larger number of people who want to actively relax in nature, parallel groups can be created, led by tourists with experience who follow the recommendations and instructions of the hike leader. With a heterogeneous composition, it is naturally difficult for one leader to manage a group that is too large. Therefore, if the trip will last more than three days or two or three days with an overnight stay, then responsibilities should be distributed among the participants in advance. In addition to the head of the group and his deputy in the group, it is necessary to appoint a head of household. The supply manager is in charge of monetary expenses, including the purchase of food and travel tickets, takes into account the consumption of products, draws up a menu, and appoints kitchen attendants. The caretaker also rents tourist equipment, distributes it among the group members and, at the end of the trip, rents it to the rental point. We need a group and a medical instructor who has the necessary training in providing first aid to a sick or injured person on the route. He is responsible for the first-aid kit, monitors the health of the participants in the campaign, their compliance with sanitary and hygienic requirements in the field, and provides medical assistance. During halts, setting up a bivouac, all participants in the campaign alternately prepare firewood, kindle a fire, cook food, and are on duty around the camp. Of great importance is the psychological climate, which depends on the common interests, unity of goals of the participants in the campaign, on goodwill and readiness to help each other. The mood in the campaign is increased by cultural events. Usually a good joke, a perky song on the way have an amazing effect, make you forget about fatigue. Cultural events in the campaign can be very diverse. The sports program can also be interesting. Participants of the hikes have the opportunity to play badminton, volleyball, chess, outdoor games, etc. at small and large halts. When choosing a route, they proceed from the main task, the purpose of the trip, and take into account the wishes of the members of the tourist group. Any trip must have a specific goal. The most common motive for participating in a hike is the desire to get acquainted with memorable and historical places, with sights, to see and learn everything yourself. Goals and objectives The goals and objectives of the campaign can be different: health-improving (walks in the forest, river, mountains), sightseeing (visiting museums, exhibitions or other attractions), military-patriotic (trips to places of military and labor glory), educational and sports (training and improvement of methods for overcoming water, mountain and other obstacles, organizing a bivouac, providing first aid), environmental protection (installation of feeders for birds and animals, cleaning river banks and other places of mass visits from debris). Route selection The route can be circular when its beginning and end are at the same point; linear, when the beginning and end of the route are located at different points. The radial route involves returning to the starting point along the same path (and, of course, does not provide as many new experiences as the first two types of routes). When developing a route according to a map or scheme, one should strive to ensure that its route passes along the most picturesque country roads, paths, river valleys, through simple mountain passes, equipped crossings, settlements of interest for inspection. If it is planned to hike with an overnight stay, then when developing the route, places to spend the night are planned. A place is chosen where there is necessarily water, and the travel time is calculated in such a way as to reach the intended point before daylight. The leader of the hike should know the route and area of the hike well, study the exits from the route and the location of settlements, the possibility of setting up a bivouac. For the first time on a hike, you need to go along well-known places and routes, in the future new routes are developed. In the tourist section there should be a list of routes with a description of their features, with diagrams so that everyone who wants to go hiking can get acquainted with them. For a tour organizer, the best way to learn a route is to walk it with one of the groups of another leader who already knows the way. The route should be interesting, but for beginners and older tourists, the path must be simplified, otherwise it will scare away beginners, and the elderly will not give the desired result. The preparation of a new or forgotten route begins with reconnaissance. Much can be determined on the map, taken from the literature. After that, a reconnaissance group of 4-5 people (it is not recommended to walk alone) goes all the way, studies its possible options, avoiding obstacles, fords, halts, evaluates the suitability of the route as a whole, and only after the route is approved by the board of the tourist club or the tourist office section, the leader of the campaign, who has been in intelligence, leads a group of tourists. It is not recommended to lead a heterogeneous group along a route unknown to the leader himself. An exception can be made for a well-prepared technically and physically group, when the campaign turns, in essence, into reconnaissance. When reconnaissance and drawing up the route, they are guided by the given technique of the campaign. Sometimes an already traveled route is rethought, new paths are found between old and well-known starting and ending points. But even in this case, it is necessary to check the new path by intelligence. In both one-day and multi-day trips, the tourist's clothing and equipment play a significant role. A tourist should always have free hands. All cargo, whatever it may be, must fit in a backpack. In small hikes without overnight stay, sports bags with straps can also be used. It is not recommended to take briefcases, suitcases or shopping bags with you on the road that interfere with movement. In preparation rucksack it is desirable that its weight does not exceed 23 kg. In addition, group equipment is also distributed among the participants of the hike (taking into account their age, health, physical development), including tents, fire accessories, axes (1 for 4 people), dishes for cooking (at the rate of 1,5-2 liters of utensils). containers per person), compasses, first aid kit. In the absence of a tent in such trips, you should take a blanket, a blanket. In the cold season, sleeping bags are indispensable. It is recommended to have a pair of duralumin flyers or a steel cable to save the time usually spent looking for supports to hang a bucket or kettle over a fire. Apparel tourist should be durable, light, not restricting movement. You should not get too carried away with warm clothes, as a person sweats at a distance, and then, having cooled down, runs the risk of catching a cold. In any campaign, you need a storm suit (jacket and trousers) made of dense raincoat-tent fabric. In cold weather, it is better to wear a warm jacket with a hood. For a summer hike, you must have a training suit, swimming trunks, shorts, a light shirt or T-shirt, a cap with a visor, a cape or plastic wrap, which is covered with a backpack during rain. Lightweight cotton and wool clothing is preferred. Footwear The backpacker should be durable and comfortable. For hiking, leather boots with rubber corrugated soles are most suitable. In dry weather, you can use sneakers and sneakers. In rainy weather, and in general, if you need to overcome damp, polluted areas on the route, it is better to walk in rubber boots with felt insoles. Felt insoles can be put into boots and other hiking shoes. In addition, woolen socks are needed even in summer (they cushion the step and absorb sweat well). They are worn with cotton socks. Before a hike, the boots are repaired, worn in (new), soaked in hunting shoe ointment or unsalted fat. Upon arrival at the place where the movement along the route begins, the leader, according to the list (in the route sheet), checks the composition of the participants in the trip, inquires about the well-being of everyone, examines the equipment. He talks about the features of the route, about possible obstacles on the way, recalls the need to comply with the rules of safety and nature protection, discipline and order of movement. At the same time, a leader and a trailer are appointed (weak and untrained tourists are advised to go ahead, the strongest closes the group), they agree on signals while driving. Participation in a group of novice tourists who have not yet been tested on hikes requires the leader to pay special attention to the pace of movement (if necessary, it can be increased or decreased), ensuring proper rest (sometimes it is worth reducing the transition time between halts). It is more convenient to walk along forest paths, country roads in single file, observing a certain distance and discipline. Unauthorized, not in time with the group, the movement of any of the participants can disrupt the schedule of the transition along the route, lead to a loss of orientation by an undisciplined tourist and, possibly, to injury. Sultan chose pace of movement depends on the composition of the group, the distance and nature of the route, as well as on the time of year and meteorological conditions. On a weekend hike, the speed of the entire group is commensurate with the speed of movement of inexperienced tourists. Obstacles are usually overcome first by the leader who has previously studied them. The rest of the time, he tells the guide how to walk correctly, at what pace and rhythm. About a quarter of an hour after the start of the hike, it is recommended to make a short stop to adjust the equipment, discuss the order of movement and its pace. In the future, it is best to alternate 45-50-minute transitions with 10-15-minute halts. On rough terrain, you should walk with your knees slightly bent, not completely straightening your leg at the moment of push. On the rises, the leg should be placed on the entire foot, slightly turning the socks to the side, slightly tilting the torso forward. During the descents, the leg is first placed on the heel, without bending, and the torso is slightly thrown back. Hands in the first and second cases are kept bent at the elbows. In a ski trip, a group, no matter what terrain it goes, follows in a column one at a time with an interval of 5-6 m on the plain and 10-15 m on the slopes. Before descending, it is necessary to carefully examine the slope and choose the safest and gentlest direction. In order to speed up the movement of a large group in difficult places (on descents, ascents, when crossing streams, ditches), one should overcome them in several places at once. The most experienced tourist builds a ski track, he is replaced by other experienced travelers. The frequency of guide replacement is determined by local conditions and guide forces. The leader tries to choose the most convenient paths and passages. They finish the trip before dark, 2-3 hours before dark, so that you can choose a place to sleep, light a fire, etc. Approximate schedule in a hike can be like this: Getting up, exercising, toilet, bathing, cleaning the place of lodging for the night - 7.00-8.00. Breakfast, preparation for the transition - 8.00-8.30. Crossing the route - 8.30-12.30. Big halt (lunch, rest, etc.) - 12.30-16.00. Crossing the route - 16.00-18.00. Preparation for the night - 19.00-20.00. Free time - 20.00-23.00. Sleep - 23.00-7.00. Seasonality and weather conditions, of course, make changes both to the daily routine and to the schedule of the tourist group. Tourists who know how to use a compass, a map, confidently navigate the terrain, have no complications in the campaign. If there is no compass, they are guided by the sun, the North Star. You can also navigate by local signs, for example, mosses, lichens, anthills, and tourist markings. Each tourist needs to study the conditional topographic signs, understand the numerical and linear scales in order to determine the distance on the map. On small halts, you should get rid of backpacks, stretch your muscles, relax. You can rest lying down, putting your feet on a stump or a backpack. In hot weather, the time of the small halt is increased so that tourists can swim in the river or lake near which they stopped. A big halt is planned, as a rule, for the second half of the journey, most often after 2/out of the way. At this time, tourists eat, change clothes and shoes, and rest. The leader of the hike should pay special attention to beginners, ask about their well-being and mood, listen to their opinion about the route. It is important to choose a good place for a bivouac. The convenience of the location, the proximity of water, the availability of firewood, and safety are taken into account. Bivouacs can be daytime and overnight in tents; it is best to set up a camp on a dry, level ground, you can not put up tents in the lowlands, on steep slopes, loose slopes. The arrangement of a bivouac with an overnight stay is done in the daytime in such a way that everything can be done before dark. In the work on its device, all participants in the campaign should be occupied. Author: Mikhailov L.A.
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