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BOOKS AND ARTICLES
HOW TO BECOME A MASTER
Books and articles / And then came the inventor
We often have to answer the question: how to become an inventor? Sometimes the question is formulated differently: “Please look at my project and tell me: will I be an inventor?” Projects are usually very weak, but this doesn’t mean anything. In the third grade, it once dawned on me: what if we made a “empty” airship? The lighter the gas with which the airship is filled, the greater the lifting force. Hence the brilliant idea: if there is emptiness inside the airship, the lifting force will be maximum. I just didn’t think about the fact that atmospheric pressure would crush such an airship... How to become an inventor? This question is no different from the question of how to become a writer, surgeon, architect, pilot, etc. In principle, anyone can become a professional (in any type of activity). You first need to get a secondary education, and then study for another five or six years. For most specialties there are educational institutions: schools, technical schools, institutes. If the specialty is new, you have to study on your own. How did a person become a cinematographer in, say, 1910? Independently mastering this specialty in practice. How did you become a rocketry specialist in 1930? Again, independently learning a new specialty - from books, in practice, in groups studying jet propulsion. Many became rocket scientists, moving into rocket science from related branches of technology: a glider pilot turned into a specialist in rocket aircraft, a steam turbine engineer took on the development of turbojet engines, etc. At the end of the 50s, prognostics began to take shape - the science of foreseeing the future. Today it is a generally recognized science, there are many books, special journals are published, conferences and congresses are held. Where did the prognosticators come from? They came to the new science from the outside, changing their specialty. Previously, they were engineers, economists, historians... I emphasize: anyone can become a specialist. You need to study, that's all. Out of a thousand people who graduate from high school, probably all of a thousand can become specialists. Really this is not happening, but we are considering the issue in principle. So, a thousand out of a thousand. And then out of a thousand specialists* only a hundred become Masters. And again, it must be emphasized: in principle, anyone can become a Master. But in reality, one out of ten specialists becomes a Master, because mastery must be paid with enormous labor. A specialist studies intensively for five to six years. Well, ten years. A master studies all his life. The specialist works seven to eight hours a day. Even nine or ten. The master is always busy with his work. Sometimes they say: “Look what a talented person. Everything comes easy to him...” This is a meaningless set of words. Talent is 99 or 100 percent labor. Well, then? And then this: out of ten Masters, one becomes a Grandmaster. And here not everything depends on the person himself. First of all, society must have a need for the products that the Grandmaster can provide. Someone must order a unique building from the Master Architect, during the design and construction of which the Master grows into a Grandmaster. There are other external factors. It is necessary, for example, that the area of activity in which the Master works has reserves for development. In the XNUMXth century there were many magnificent Masters who designed and built sailing ships. The famous tea clippers can serve as evidence of this. But the watchmaker, artist, inventor Robert Fulton became the Grand Master of shipbuilding, who built an unsightly steamship. When asked: “How to become an inventor?” - they mean not a simple inventor, but a Master or even a Grandmaster. Now you know the answer to this question. You must first become a professional - this is, in principle, available to everyone. And there it will be seen... There are no educational institutions for training inventors yet. But there are all kinds of courses, schools, and public institutes for inventive creativity. And we need to start with books. At least from this book. You will find a lot of useful information on the theory of invention in the journal “Technology and Science”. Particularly interesting are the frequently published articles on the use of physical, chemical, and geometric effects. I advise you to pay special attention to the inventive page of “Pionerskaya Pravda”. This page is called "Invent? It's so difficult! It's so simple!" The meaning of the name is now clear to you: it is difficult to invent without knowing inventive techniques; It’s much easier if you know the techniques and practice by solving problems. The basis of the page is regular competitions in creative thinking. Participants in competitions are allowed to use the help of pioneer leaders, teachers, and parents. The winners receive prizes - books, valuable gifts. Here are six competition problems. Try your hand. If you can solve four out of six, you have a good chance of winning the competition. Problem 51
A group of employees of the Belarusian Design and Technology Institute of Local Industry recently received copyright certificate No. 791 389 for a toy “snoop dog”. The bloodhound moves past plastic sticks laid out on the floor and suddenly stops at one stick and begins to “bark”... It’s not difficult to understand how the toy moves: a battery, a motor, wheels. It’s clear how she “barks”: the noise device runs on a battery. But how does a dog find one stick among a hundred others? A real dog does this by smell. But the toy works differently... What invisible “mark” is on the “stolen” stick and how does the dog detect this “mark”? If it’s difficult to answer, look through your seventh grade physics textbook. You can check the answer using the bulletin of inventions M 48, 1980, p. 25. Problem 52. DANGEROUS PLANET One fantastic story describes an amazing planet. Everything on it is like on Earth: the same atmosphere, the same plants and animals. But insects and birds fly at supersonic speeds. We will not specify how they manage to do this. The point is different. You probably know that airplane collisions with birds sometimes lead to accidents. And here the air is filled with living “bullets” and “shells”... They landed two cosmonauts - and barely managed to save them. Even an armored all-terrain vehicle was quickly destroyed by supersonic “flies”... Imagine yourself as a member of an expedition to such a planet. Suggest how to protect yourself and the crew. The answer is in the collection "Science Fiction", issue 22, publishing house "Znanie", 1980, p. 230. Problem 53 In the spring, snow accumulates inside the gutters. It thaws during the day and freezes again at night. Gradually, a massive ice plug appears, the length of which sometimes reaches several meters. The plug is held in place by the adhesion of ice to the walls of the pipe. But then one day the spring sun warms up the pipe; the surface of the icicle in contact with the pipe melts, and the icicle falls down with a terrible roar, breaking the lower (curved) part of the pipe. Sharp ice fragments flying out of the pipe are dangerous for passers-by. It is necessary to make sure that the icicles that form inside the drainpipes become safe - both for people and for the pipes themselves. The answer is in Pionerskaya Pravda, September 18, 1984. Problem 54 Once, the inventor B.T. Travkin noticed that a drop of dental elixir, falling into water, forms a moving “flower”. To see this “flower” better, Travkin colored the elixir with black ink. This is how the history of the invention began, called fokaz (from the first letters of the words “shape formed by contact of active liquids”). Photographing using the focage method is simple. A thin layer of liquid that is, say, yellow in color is poured into a glass bath, and then a blue drop is introduced. A green border immediately appears at the border of yellow and blue. The drop gradually spreads, the liquids mix, change color, and a bizarre play of colors arises. The plate is illuminated and filmed... a landscape of a fantastic planet illuminated by the blue sun. Focage is attractive because you can use the simplest liquids: nitro varnish, glycerin, liquid soap, ink, glue. But focage also has a serious drawback: the movement of the drop and the play of colors is almost impossible to control. The operator is forced to interrupt the shooting every now and then and correct the image with a brush or stick. These are, of course, too primitive controls. In practice, filming is carried out almost at random, and then individual successful shots are selected from among the many uninteresting and unnecessary ones. Hence our task: we need to make the drop move along the bottom of the bath the way we need. Suppose an operator must film the flight of ball lightning using the focage method. The bath is filled 2 - 3 millimeters with a bluish liquid (this is “sky”). Introduce a drop of orange liquid with a pipette. The drop sinks to the bottom of the bath, a colored halo appears around the drop... great, we now have ball lightning! But how to make it move? Ball lightning should rotate and still move in a spiral or other bizarrely twisted line. Ball lightning sometimes breaks up and divides into parts. How to divide our drop into parts? How to show her explosion? You see, the task is simple: learn to control the movement of a drop. And it’s complicated: you have to control it without a stick, without a brush, without interfering with the shooting... If you want to check the answer, take a look at “Pionerskaya Pravda” for July 9, 1985. Problem 55 A setup was assembled in the laboratory to conduct an important experiment. In this installation, in particular, there was a vertical pipe, inside which drops of liquid polymer moved (fell under the influence of gravity). The installation started and... - Switch off! - the head of the laboratory ordered. - It won't work that way. We need small drops, but large ones fall. “The drops are large,” said the engineer. - There's nothing you can do about it. “The drops must be crushed as they fall,” the manager objected. - I really don’t know how to do this... Put a grate? No, that's not good, the drops should fall freely... And then an inventor appeared. - No problem, we can handle the drops! - he said. - Given one substance, let's add a second substance and a field. It’s very simple: the field will act on the second substance, which will crush the droplets on the fly... If you have any difficulties, re-read the section “Let’s build a model of the problem.” The answer can be checked by looking at page 170 of Bulletin of Inventions No. 46 of 1975. The formula of the invention is given there; you can easily figure out what the employees of the Institute of Mechanics of Metal-Polymer Systems of the Belarusian Academy of Sciences proposed. Let me remind you of the full name of the bulletin: “Discoveries. Inventions.” Technical libraries keep newsletters from previous years; it is not difficult to find the desired issue of the journal. Problem 56. AGAIN A AND B SIT ON THE PIPE... Two devices A and B are connected by a metal pipe. Usually in apparatus A the temperature is higher than in B. The pipe heats up, and heat flows along the walls of the pipe from A to B (like hot tea from a cup to your hand). But sometimes the temperature in apparatus B rises sharply. Heat should not transfer from B to A. How to make the pipe walls transfer heat in only one direction - from A to B? You will find the answer in Pionerskaya Pravda, July 1, 1980.
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