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BOOKS AND ARTICLES
THE SCIENCE OF INVENTING CLICK AND PHYSICS
Books and articles / And then came the inventor
You have read a third of the book. If you try to summarize the meaning of what you read as succinctly as possible, you get something like the following. Inventive problems have long been solved (and are still being solved today) by trial and error. The method is inefficient, so a lot of effort, time, and money had to be spent on solving problems. Inventions are often delayed for many years. The scientific and technological revolution required fundamentally new methods of invention. The theory of inventive problem solving (TRIZ) has appeared, it teaches to solve problems without going through "empty" options. The main idea is as follows: technical systems arise and develop naturally; the study of these regularities gives techniques - tools for solving inventive problems. The techniques that you met can be divided into three groups: - various tricks, for example, the "do it in advance" technique; - techniques based on the use of physical effects and phenomena, among them can be attributed the technique "change the state of aggregation"; - complex techniques, including both cunning and physics, for example, the construction of fepoles. Most often, when solving inventive problems, one has to apply cunning first, then physics. Success comes from a combination of both. Therefore, the use of physics in solving inventive problems is one of the most important sections of the theory of invention. Let's see how cunning and physics dock. Problem 29. WILL WORK FOREVER! At one plant, an automatic machine often failed. It was a very good machine, but a simple detail was constantly spoiled in it - a curved tube through which compressed air drove a stream of small steel balls at high speed. The balls hit the pipe wall at the turn and broke off pieces of metal. Hitting the wall, each ball left a barely noticeable scratch, but in a few hours the balls pierced through a thick, strong pipe. - Let's put two pipes, - said the foreman, - While one is working, we will have time to repair the other. And then an inventor appeared. - Is it a business: to do repairs all the time ?! he exclaimed. - I have a suitable idea ... I guarantee: the machine will work forever! It took only five minutes to implement the idea of the invention. What did he suggest? So, one substance (steel balls) mechanically interacts with another substance (pipe walls). Hence, an unnecessary (even harmful) su-field is given. At the plant, they tried to destroy it by introducing a third substance - various gaskets, layers. This is wrong: it is necessary that the third substance simultaneously protect the walls and not collapse. The same balls can become this substance. Only motionless, stopped at the pipe wall. If the pipe bend is covered with balls from the inside, the walls will stop collapsing. Flying balls can knock out one or more balls from the protective layer, but its place is immediately filled with one of the balls rushing through the pipe. This is where the trick ends. Now we need simple physics: how to get a protective layer of balls? You have to use magnets. Where the pipe bends, we put a magnet outside. Inside, a layer of balls will immediately stick to the pipe. Problem solved! It is interesting to note that shot blast machines for hardening parts were widely used at least a quarter of a century before the appearance of author's certificate No. 261 207 for magnetic protection. Everyone saw the problem, but they solved it contrary to theory - they installed gaskets, made the walls of the apparatus from stronger steel ... Problem 30. HIGH-FINE CRANE The head of the chemical laboratory invited the inventor and said: - We need to control the flow of gas that goes through this metal pipe from one vessel to another. We have taps with a ground glass stopper, but they do not provide the required accuracy: it is difficult to regulate the size of the hole through which the gas flows. - Of course, - said the inventor, - you would also put a samovar tap. The chemist pretended not to hear the remark. - It is possible, - he continued, - to put a rubber tube and a clamp. But this does not give the required accuracy. - Clamps, - the inventor chuckled. - Clothespins... Here the chemist could not resist: We've been doing this for hundreds of years. Try to come up with a crane no more complicated than a "clothespin" or a "samovar crane", but ten times better in accuracy. - A drop of cunning plus ninth grade physics. Gotta do it like this... What did the inventor suggest? For a specialist in TRIZ, a crane is a typical su-field system: body B1, turnable part B2 and field of mechanical forces Pmech. Under the influence of the Pmech field, the part B2 moves relative to the body B1, due to which the gap between B1 and B3 becomes wider or, conversely, narrows. There is already a Vefield, but it does not work well. Therefore, we will have to replace the su-field, use another field. Which one - electrical, magnetic, electromagnetic, thermal? This is where tricks end and physics begins. The ninth grade physics textbook has a whole chapter on thermal expansion! And we just need to change the width of the gap between B1 and B2. We open the textbook. Here is the description of the experiment: a ball passes through a heated ring, which has not passed before. The drawing of the ring and the ball is a finished model of our crane. Let's compare the solution obtained with the author's certificate No. 179 489: "A device for dosing small amounts of gas, consisting of a body and a rod tightly fitted from the inner surface of the body, characterized in that, in order to dose small amounts of gas with a high degree of accuracy, the body is made of material with a large coefficient of thermal expansion, and the rod is made of a material whose coefficient of thermal expansion is much less than that of the body material. You probably already understand how such a crane works. When heated, the body expands strongly, and the rod weakly. There is a gap. The hotter the case, the larger the gap.
The meaning of the invention, as you can see, is that instead of moving large parts, "pieces of iron", it is proposed to use the tension and compression of the crystal lattice. By the way, it is possible to stretch and compress the crystal lattice not only with a thermal field. "Some crystals, such as quartz, Rochelle salt and tourmaline, change their size in an electric field: depending on the direction of the field, they are compressed or stretched" this is from a physics textbook for the tenth grade. This phenomenon is called the inverse piezoelectric effect. Well, you yourself have already guessed that the reverse piezoelectric effect can be used to create a microcrane. There is also a similar effect - magnetostriction: a magnetic field stretches (or compresses) some metals. Also a suitable answer for the crane problem. Problem 31. LET'S LOOK INTO THE FUTURE If you need to squeeze out the remnants of toothpaste from an almost empty tube, put the tube on a hard surface and roll it with a pencil. This is the principle of operation of a peristaltic pump (see Fig.): The rollers press the flexible hose against the pump body and, moving, force the liquid or paste to flow through the hose. We produce twenty types of peristaltic pumps, - said the chief engineer of the plant to his deputy. - In the coming months we will master three more. But in principle, all pumps are the same, they differ only in size and purpose. Will these pumps change in the future? “Probably won’t change,” the deputy replied. - After all, the principle is the same. And then there were inventors. Three at once! There will definitely be new pumps, - assured the first inventor. - The peristaltic principle will remain, but the action will move to the micro level. We suggest using physical effects for this,” his comrades said. - We have three brand new peristaltic pumps. The inventors began to unfold the blueprints... How do you think these pumps can be arranged? What physical effects are used in them? The transition from the rough movement of "pieces of iron" to the subtle movement of molecules, atoms is a regularity in the development of technology. Hence the method of solving many problems: "the transition from the macro level to the micro level." Here, for example, copyright certificate No. 438 327: "A vibrating gyroscope with masses set into oscillatory motion by external variable or electric fields, characterized in that electrons or charged ions are used as oscillating masses." In conventional vibrating gyroscopes, massive loads vibrate - "weights" mounted on rods. The idea of the invention is that microparticles - electrons or ions - are taken as "weights". Such a gyroscope is much more compact, more accurate and more reliable. When you read about the four stages in the development of technical systems in the previous chapter, you may have had a question: well, systems go through four stages, but what happens to systems next? And then there are two possibilities. I have already spoken about one: the system, having reached the limits of development, unites with another system and forms a new, more complex system - development continues. For example, a bicycle, combined with an internal combustion engine, turned into a motorcycle. A new system emerged, development continued. Sometimes the path to integration with other systems is closed. It is necessary to unite - and it is impossible to unite ... Such a contradiction is overcome by fragmentation: we will divide the system into several parts and build something new by combining these parts. The prohibition concerned the association with third-party systems, we did not violate this prohibition. Well, if you can neither unite nor split? Suppose the task is set: it is required to strengthen the "springing" properties of a spiral spring, without adding anything to it and without crushing it. We will assume that the spring is made of the most suitable steel, there is no point in changing the steel.
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