Development of a wind energy project. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering

Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering / Alternative energy sources

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The first phase of the development of any wind energy project is the choice of a place for its implementation. It is necessary to choose an area with good wind resources and to determine on it areas of the territory with the best wind energy characteristics.

Whenever possible, published data on wind and climate conditions, soil characteristics and socio-ecological conditions should be used. The choice of places suitable for the installation of wind turbines can be made on the basis of local physical maps or using computer simulation methods for wind speed regimes. This approach to the study of wind regimes was used in the development of both the Wind Energy Atlas of Europe and the Atlas of Russia.

It is also necessary to take into account the existing traditional methods for determining wind conditions using data from an extensive network of weather stations and terrain classification, taking into account the features of the relief, distance from water surfaces and local obstacles that affect the change in wind speed.

Obtaining permission to place a wind turbine

The success of a project often depends on the depth of the development of issues in the preparation of technical proposals. You should contact your local authorities for their requirements. Planners may need to assess the size of the taxation of your site, while the determining factor may be the height of the wind turbine, as well as their number - one unit or wind farm.

Before obtaining a permit to place a wind turbine, you must be sure that there are favorable wind conditions at the site of the proposed construction of wind power facilities with average annual wind speeds that ensure high energy production. This is, ultimately, the main condition for the payback of capital investments.

Example: in 1999-2000, the construction of a group of wind turbines with a total capacity of 80 kW required a permit and project approval. Construction was carried out about 30 km from Moscow, not far from the Leningrad highway.

The procedure for issuing a permit for the construction of the specified wind turbine complex practically did not differ from that required for other construction projects, for example, a new gas station.

It was necessary to draw up a project for the construction of the system with the submission of documents on land allocation for construction with plans for all buildings and structures in the allotted territory.

The coordination of the architectural part of the wind energy project is carried out both at the district and at the regional level. It is obligatory to coordinate the project with the Committee for Nature Protection, with the sanitary and epidemiological station, with the fire brigade, as well as with departments whose facilities border the zone of new construction. Such objects in the construction zone are: gas distribution station, highway,. underground communications near construction, owned by other organizations.

Conclusions should also be obtained on the compliance of the project with the requirements and rules for the installation of electrical installations and safety regulations.

This work must be performed by the organization-developer of the wind turbine project before it is handed over to the customer.

Building

The selected site should provide the technical and financial possibility of connection to the local electrical distribution system. The area of ​​the site should be sufficient to accommodate a wind turbine in accordance with the technical specifications and other specific requirements for the location of a wind turbine.

The need for additional construction work should be considered in advance. In particular, when building a large wind turbine, it is necessary to provide for the provision of the necessary access roads to the location. The features of the terrain, its topography and soil characteristics also cannot be ignored.

In the case when several wind turbines are supposed to be located at once, special attention should be paid to the development of the project in order to minimize the mutual aerodynamic shading of wind turbines. Wind turbines should be removed from obstacles on the ground so as to avoid the effect of wind shielding and the possibility of undesirable manifestations of wind flow turbulence. To reduce the mutual influence of wind turbines, they must be separated from each other by a distance corresponding to at least 5-10 wind turbine diameters. The interaction of one unit with another can lead to the fact that the "waste wind", weakened by the passage through the wind wheel of one wind turbine, can fall into the coverage area of ​​another wind unit; this, in turn, leads to a significant decrease in the developed power of the wind turbine, and the resulting wind flow turbulence can cause dangerous overloads.

The foundations of wind turbines must be calculated taking into account the characteristics of the soil, taking into account not only the mass of the foundations themselves, but also the mass of the entire wind turbine with a wind wheel and a generator mounted on the top of the support mast.

For large wind farm construction projects, it is important to have the necessary transport communications on the construction site.

Impact on the environment

Obtaining a building permit will depend on the nature, size and location of the proposed wind facility, as well as the perspective of the permitting organizations on such projects. Below are the factors that in one way or another influence the decision to issue a permit for the construction of a wind farm.

Protected natural areas

Protected natural areas - a specific area intended for the conservation of natural complexes or objects of economic, scientific or cultural and educational significance. The object of protection may be a natural landscape or rare species of plants and animals. Such areas are characterized by strict supervision. Depending on the reason for the allocation of the territory to the nature protection zone, it may be possible to build a wind turbine in this territory, however, a thorough expert assessment of the project is necessary.

Historically and archaeologically significant areas

In such areas, careful consideration should be given to the construction of access roads to minimize the impact on historical and archaeological sites.

Visual impact on the landscape

The visual impact on the landscape of both wind turbines and power lines should be assessed.

Ecology

In some cases, the construction of wind farms can lead to the destruction of fragile ecosystems. Information on the habitats of protected species of flora and fauna can be obtained from local organizations issuing building permits, as well as from environmental organizations.

Hydrology

It is possible that in some cases there will be a need to assess the impact of the project on the water resources of a particular area. The negative impact may be caused by transport communications and drainage needs, which will affect the quality and quantity of water.

Noise

In some countries, in particular the UK, in order to obtain a building permit, it is necessary to assess the impact of the project on noise levels and submit a report to the local health and environmental organization.

Wind turbines produce two types of noise - from the blades (whistling sound) and mechanical noise from the rotating elements of the equipment. This noise must be taken into account during the construction of wind turbines, maintaining certain distances to residential premises.

Interference in telecommunications systems

Wind turbines can interfere with television and microwave signals. Problems regarding microwave communication can usually be avoided by repositioning the wind turbine or microwave communication.

Aircraft safety

Wind turbines can be potentially hazardous to aircraft. Such problems are typical only for very specific areas (near airfields, etc.), where aircraft fly low.

Safety assessment

Well-made and properly maintained wind turbines do not pose any danger, but it is still necessary to enlist the support of local organizations responsible for the health and safety of residents and operating personnel.

Disadvantages for traffic

In the short term, a decrease in the speed of traffic on local highways is possible due to the slow movement of trucks with equipment for wind turbines. The inconvenience can be much greater in the case of a large wind energy project; this may require infrastructure changes, etc.

Electrical connection

This guide mainly deals with issues related to wind turbines not connected to the centralized power supply networks, but if such a connection is required, then it is necessary to contact the local power engineers. If they agree to buy electricity, it is necessary to connect the site to a substation or install a power line. The construction of such a network also requires a building permit and an environmental impact assessment.

Power lines can be above ground or underground. Since ground power lines spoil the landscape, underground electrical communications have recently become very popular.

Atmospheric emissions

Although the operation of wind turbines does not have a direct negative impact on the environment, the construction process of wind turbines on the site, the production and transportation of materials and equipment have an indirect impact. This, however, is not the main problem, since the environmental damage from wind energy is immeasurably less than the damage from the use of fossil fuels to generate energy.

Tourism and recreation zones

The development of wind energy can have a significant impact on the attractiveness of a particular area for tourism and recreation. This is usually the case for wind farm projects, as the sight of a large number of wind turbines can both attract and deter tourists. In these cases, it is necessary to take into account the opinion of the public about such projects in these territories.

Socio-economic issues

Below are the factors of possible impact of a wind energy project on the economy in the short term:

• production (development of production of wind turbines or components);
• construction (infrastructure development);
• other (investment in the local economy, eg workers' accommodation, etc.);

in the long term:

• current repair and maintenance (insignificant for small autonomous wind turbines);
• project annual income;
• land rent;
• taxes;
• insurance (owners may want to take out contingency insurance).

Dismantling

Wind turbines after the end of their service life (about 20 years) should be replaced with a new one or repaired, or sent for recycling as waste. Restoration measures after the end of the service life of the equipment is one of the conditions for the construction of wind farms. In this regard, it is necessary to find out in advance whether the used site will acquire its original form in a natural way or whether there will be a need for long-term restoration measures.

Authors: Kargiev V.M., Martirosov S.N. and etc.

See other articles Section Alternative energy sources.

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