Water wheels. Fun physical experience at home

ENTERTAINING EXPERIENCES AT HOME
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Water wheels. Physical experiments

Entertaining experiments in physics

Entertaining experiences at home / Physics experiments for children

The power of water is widely used in engineering. The flow of water, like the force of the wind, can set the engine in motion.

Horizontal shaft water engines were used in the ancient world, over 2000 years ago. For the first time, water mills were mentioned in Russia in the XNUMXth century.

Make several different models of water engines that are used in technology - for lifting water, grinding grains, moving ships.

Take an ordinary wooden coil. In the coil, make four punctures, into which insert wooden spatulas. Put the coil on a round wooden or wire axle.

water wheels

If you put such a wheel under a stream of water, the wheel will rotate rapidly.

Even easier, you can make a model from cork and old student feathers, all the concavities of which are located in the same direction:

water wheels

The simplest model of a water wheel with cups:

water wheels

Stick walnut shells on a cylindrical cork with sealing wax. Types of bearings, rings in which the shaft (axle) of the wheel rotates:

water wheels

Material - tin, wire.

The simplest water wheels from a cork with tin blades and from a round log sawn off from a small round log:

water wheels

In summer, on a stream or ditch with fast flowing water, you can put a model of a floating mill:

water wheels

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flying skyrmions 09.11.2021

Topological optics and topological photonics have become "hot" areas of science since the 1980s after the discovery of singularities in magnetic fields. And the relatively recent Nobel Prize, given for the discovery and study of topological features in the physics of condensed matter, further spurred the interest of the scientific community, because all this opens up prospects for the implementation of non-trivial types of interactions of electromagnetic waves with matter. This, in turn, can be used in a number of new technologies for transmitting information and energy over long distances.

A group of physicists from the UK and Singapore announced the discovery of a new "family" of electromagnetic pulses with toroidal topology. These pulses are ideal physical embodiments of solutions to Maxwell's equations, which makes it possible to control their topological complexity and obtain the so-called supertoroidal topology. The electromagnetic fields of such supertoroidal pulses form structures that almost completely coincide with the structure of skyrmions, which under normal conditions are "vortices" of magnetic fields in the medium of some magnetic materials. Only now the skyrmions of supertoroidal pulses fly in space almost at the speed of light.

Skyrmions, complex topological quasi-particles, were discovered by Tony Skyrme in 1962 in an attempt to create a unified model of the nucleon. As mentioned above, skyrmions are nanosized magnetic vortices with ordered structures. These quasi-particles have already been well studied in many systems of condensed matter, including exotics such as the Bose-Einstein condensate, chiral magnets, superconductors, and liquid crystals. But if skyrmions can fly, it will open up an endless array of new possibilities for next generations of information devices.

The supertoroidal impulse, called the "flying donut" by scientists, includes recursive toroidal topological structures, due to which the configuration of its electromagnetic field resembles a nesting doll. And the topological complexity of such a pulse can be quite simply controlled, the number of toroidal pulses embedded in it can be increased or decreased, the direction of magnetic vortex twisting can be controlled, etc.

The topological features of supertoroidal pulses provide additional "degrees of freedom" that can be used as information carriers for optical encoding-decoding systems, measuring systems of various kinds, information display systems with ultra-high resolution and, of course, systems for wireless transmission of information and energy over long distances. .

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