How and why to change aluminum to copper. Scheme, description

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF RADIO ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
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How and why to change aluminum to copper. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering

Free technical library

Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering / Electric installation work

How to replace the wiring?

Many people think that there is no need to change the entire wiring and do it partially or are limited only to replacing sockets and switches.

No one will convince you, all the consequences (electric shock, failure of electrical appliances, fire) associated with the causes of poor-quality installation, malfunction or lack of protection devices are entirely your responsibility, which can be eliminated by using the services of qualified electricians.

In most old houses, the electrical wiring is made with single-insulated aluminum wire (APPV), while the installation is made according to the principle of one or two group lines, with a power of up to 2 kW for each group, which was quite normal until the 90s of the last century. At the present time, a lot of electrical appliances with high power have appeared (washing machines, microwave ovens, electric kettles, instantaneous and storage water heaters, air conditioners, underfloor heating, heaters, electric stoves and ovens, dishwashers) each of which requires an individual power line.

Manufacturers of cable and wire products guarantee, subject to operational and installation conditions, the preservation of the insulation properties of current-carrying conductors for a period of not more than 30 years.

Even after a major overhaul of a dwelling, I often encounter illiterate installation and often life-threatening people.

Price and quality

To say that the price is a direct indication of quality is not always the rule in the work of an electrician, but it is more reasonable to believe this law than just looking for a cheap worker.

The prices are about the same for everyone, quality is more important in the work of an electrician.

How to choose the most suitable from the many electricians offering services.

Repair teams that have an electrician in their composition, worse than that, loner station wagons, in fact, quite often they are far from specialists in their field, since they can immediately cover up their shortcomings with plaster, and possibly without replacing the wiring at all, glue the wallpaper. Individual electricians are more trustworthy, but you should not rush with their choice.

Before starting work, in addition to the price for wiring your one, two or three-room apartment, ask an electrician what materials will need to be purchased for this work.

You will need at least:

1. plan of the apartment with the location of equipment, sockets, switches and lamps;

2. electric cable with copper conductors and double insulation (PUNP, VVG-P);

3. automatic switches and RCDs;

4. sockets and switches;

5. E27 cartridges and incandescent lamps;

6. gypsum putty;

7. clamps and connectors for wires;

8. distribution and installation boxes;

9. electric meter and modular board.

It is good form to offer an electrician to purchase the necessary materials on their own or together with you. Issue cash against receipt, followed by a report with checks and invoices.

Additionally, permission from the power supply may be required to connect to the power grid.

Before you start working as an electrician, you need to free the room, and preferably the whole apartment, from furniture and other things, otherwise it will make the work of an electrician difficult, and, accordingly, may increase the cost of work.

After agreeing with you and receiving from you a plan for the placement of electrical outlets and electrical equipment, the electrician must begin marking on the walls and ceiling, using a measuring tape, level and pencil.

Walls

Having measured one of the sockets of the room in height and from the corner, then using a level to draw a line along the entire wall with a pencil, the outlined line will later be used as a line for laying wires.

Потолок

The middle of the ceiling is determined using two threads stretched diagonally from corner to corner, their intersection is the middle of the ceiling.

In hollow ceilings, wires are passed through the voids, from the wall to the midpoint.

In cast ceilings, a groove is made perpendicular to the nearest wall, with a minimum depth of not more than 10 mm.

Wires

It is forbidden to use wires with aluminum conductors, it is also not recommended to use flexible copper wire.

The installation of wires is carried out according to the principle of vertical - horizontal, it is not allowed to lay wires along the shortest path, from the junction box to the socket or switch.

Avoid laying wires over windows, radiators, through bathrooms and toilets, as well as near heating, water and gas pipelines.

It is forbidden to lay wires in the seams of building structures.

If the intersection of wires with heating and water pipes is inevitable, the distance between them in the light must be at least 50 mm, and with gas pipelines at least 100 mm.

At the intersections with pipes, the wires are additionally protected from mechanical damage along a length of at least 250 mm in each direction from the pipeline.

With forced parallel laying, the distance from wires to pipelines must be at least 100 mm, and to gas pipelines at least 400 mm.

Sockets and switches

Installation height from 30 to 180 cm. Maximum distance from heating pipes, gas and water pipes, as well as sinks, toilet bowls and bathtubs, at least 50 cm.

Loops between sockets should not be connected at socket contacts, but through terminal connections or clamps.

Installation of sockets and switches should be carried out after wallpapering.

Fixtures

Placing lamps above the bath and sink is not recommended, it is allowed when using housings with protection against falling lamps and direct hit by a jet of water.

Halogen lamps are more correctly used for backlighting, and not for main lighting.

Protection devices and electricity meter

It is more expedient to install protection devices and an electric meter in a storey switchboard. When placed inside a dwelling, the installation height should be no more than 170 cm from the floor.

Conclusion

This article is not a manual for self-wiring, because. this should be done by a qualified specialist, it was written for a rough idea of the rules and installation methods, so as not to be deceived by a self-taught electrician.

Publication: electro.narod.ru

See other articles Section Electric installation work.

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