When was soap first made? Detailed answer

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When was soap first made? Detailed answer

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When was soap first made?

You probably think that such a necessary and useful thing as soap was invented by man one of the first. However, soap appeared relatively recently - only 2000 years ago.

Centuries ago, people anointed their skin with olive oil. They used the juice and ashes of various plants to wash themselves. But already in the time of Pliny (a Roman writer who lived in the XNUMXst century AD), two types of soap appeared: liquid and solid. Pliny describes this hair-washing invention and credits the Gauls who created it.

By the way, when they dug up the ruins of Pompeii, they discovered a factory that made soap, similar to the modern one. But still, a hundred years ago, almost all soap was made at home.

Soap is obtained when fats and oils are boiled together with lye. In large soap factories, fats and alkali are first boiled in huge cauldrons: this process is called "saponification". When the soap is almost ready, salt is added to the cauldron. Soap rises to the very edges of the boiler, and the brine containing glycerin, sand and excess alkali settles to the bottom. It is drained, and the whole operation is repeated 5 or 6 times, adding water or alkali until all the fat turns into soap.

Then the soap is whipped, adding various components, dyes, aromatic, emollient and preservative substances, until a homogeneous mass is formed. After that, pieces and bars, granules, flakes and balls are made from melted soap. And toilet soap is crushed and dried, and then rolled into sheets.

Author: Likum A.

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Researchers at the US National Physical Laboratory (NPL) have created a first-of-its-kind optical diode made up of light that can be used in miniaturized photonic and photonic-electronic circuits. This optical diode, like its electronic counterpart, transmits light in only one direction, but its main advantage is the small dimensions of the device and the absence of the need for large powerful permanent magnets, which are part of other types of optical diodes.

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