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Supercomputer Aurora

22.03.2019

A US government-led team is currently working with chip maker Intel Corp and Cray Inc to build an ultra-fast computer that can simulate nuclear tests and conduct research.

This was reported by the Department of Energy and the Argonne National Laboratory. The supercomputer, which is being developed by experts from the world's largest supplier of chips for data centers, Intel, and the company Cray, which specializes in the development of ultra-fast computer systems, was named Aurora.

Under the terms of the $500 million contract, Intel and Cray must build a supercomputer with a performance of 2021 exaflops (1 petaflops) by 1000, that is, it will be able to perform 1 quintillion - or 1 - calculations per second.

If successful, Aurora will outperform existing supercomputers by almost an order of magnitude. It will also raise the stakes significantly in the global exaflop supercomputer race, which also includes China, the European Union and Japan.

For Intel, participation in the project is an important victory, which will allow it to supply Aurora with its Xeon processors and Optane memory chips. Currently the world's most powerful supercomputer, Summit at Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Tennessee, is built on chips from International Business Machines Corp (IBM) and NVIDIA.

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Plants grown in lunar soil 15.05.2022

Scientists from the University of Florida (USA) have shown that plants can successfully grow in the lunar "soil". The scientists also figured out how plants react biologically to lunar regolith, a soil that is radically different from Earth's.

The researchers had 12 grams - just a few teaspoons - of lunar soil for this experiment. The samples provided by NASA were collected during the Apollo missions to the moon.

To grow their tiny "moon garden," the researchers used thimble-sized holes in plastic cups in which cells are normally cultured. After filling each "pot" with about a gram of lunar soil, the scientists moistened it with a nutrient solution and added a few seeds of Tal's clover (Arabidopsis). Since the genetic year of this plant is known, scientists could better understand how the lunar soil affects plants - right down to the level of gene expression.

For comparison, the researchers also planted the succulent in a substance that mimics real lunar soil, as well as simulated Martian soils and terrestrial soils that exist in extreme conditions. Plants grown in these non-lunar soils were the control group of the experiment.

Over time, the researchers noticed differences between the plants grown in the lunar soil and the control group. For example, some of the plants grown in the lunar soil were smaller, slower growing, or more variable in size than their counterparts. These were all physical signs that the plants were trying to cope with the chemical and structural composition of the lunar soil.

"At the genetic level, plants have used tools to deal with stressors such as salt and metals or oxidative stress, so we can conclude that plants perceive the lunar soil environment as stressful," the authors note.

The reaction of plants to lunar soil may be related to the place where the soil was collected. For example, plants that showed more signs of stress were grown in what is known as mature lunar soil. These mature soils are more exposed to the cosmic wind, which changes their composition. On the other hand, plants grown in comparatively less mature soils performed better.

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