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Aristotle divided all forms of the state known to him into correct ones, i.e. contributing to the public good, and wrong. Among the correct he attributed the monarchy, aristocracy and polity, to the wrong - tyranny, oligarchy and democracy.

The word mass was introduced into physics by Newton, borrowing its literal biblical content - daily bread, the basis of nutrition. (Chemistry and Life, 1979, N5, p. 59)

According to the ancient Indians, diamonds are formed from 5 principles of nature: earth, water, sky, air and energy. They are divided into 4 varnas: Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas and Shudras. Moreover, the price of Kshatriyas is 75%, Vaishyas - 50%, Shudras - 25% of the price of Brahmins. (Milashevich V.A. Almaz: legends and reality.-L .: Nedra, 1981, p. 9)

The examination procedure for modern violins is as follows. A commission gathers, behind a screen the best violinists play the same piece on different instruments. Among them - one reference, the work of an old master. The task of the commission is to guess the old instrument, compare it with the sound of competitive violins and make an assessment. This procedure is called among musicians catching carp, because at the first such competition the Stradivarius violin Karas served as the standard.

In the Middle Ages, Paris was divided into 3 administrative districts: Cité (the old town on the Cité), the University or the Latin Quarter (on the left bank of the Seine) and the City (right bank).

The richest man of all time was John D. Rockefeller, founder of Standard Oil, who died in 1937. According to modern estimates, adjusted for inflation, his fortune exceeded $125 billion.

An urn in the form of a capsule, the size of a tube of lipstick, with the ashes of the famous American astronomer Eugene Shoemaker is located near the South Pole of the Moon.

The guillotine was originally called louisette or little Louison. (V. Kremer, G. Trenkler. Lexicon of popular delusions. M., 1997, p. 80)

In the English-Russian dictionary, the word curfew has three meanings. One of them is the evening ringing, a signal for extinguishing the light, the second is a cap for extinguishing the fire. The third, more modern meaning is curfew.

In 1905, a new generation ship called Dreadnought (dreadnought - fearless) descended from the stocks of Portsmouth.

In the 60s of our century, a club of courtesy people was founded in New York, in the charter of which there is such a requirement: Members of the club must remove their hats when talking to a lady, even if they are talking to her on the phone.

Maurice Ravel used in his Boléro the impressions received during a yacht trip along the rivers of Europe in the summer of 1905, when he visited a large foundry on the banks of the Rhine. Subsequently, he wrote: How to convey the impression of this realm of metal, these flaming temples of fire, from this wonderful symphony of whistles, the roar of hammers that fall on you from all sides. How musical! I definitely use.

English unit of weight stone = 14 pounds, or 6 kg. 342 gr.

According to updated data, Germany's losses on all fronts of World War II amounted to 5,3 million people.

The state of Michigan takes its name from the lake of the same name, whose name in the Chippewa language means great water.

Missouri in the Algonquian language means muddy water.

The first upholsterers of furniture were those who made tents - suppliers of tents for the nomadic peoples of the Middle East. Famous among them were the Persian poet Omar Khayyam and the Apostle Paul. (Furniture Repair, Time-Life Books, Amsterdam, 1984)

In the ruins of Pompeii, archaeologists found an inscription: cave canem (beware of the dog).

Pravezh - so in Rus' they called the collection of debt, money in general, with torture.

Residents - nobles and boyar children, who were sent in turn from all Russian cities for court service to Moscow for a period of 3 years.

Primate - in the Catholic Church - the title of an archbishop presiding over church meetings. In Poland, in those cases when the throne was not occupied, he was the viceroy of the king.

Every person, whether he is a woman or a man, is endowed with reason and will, but nevertheless reason prevails in a man, and will prevails in a woman, and a person is such as the beginning prevailing in him. (E. Swedenborg, About heaven, about the world of spirits and about hell)

Francis Scobie, Michael Smith, Judy Resnick, Allison Onizuke, Ronald McNair, Gregory Jarvis, Sharon Christa McAuliffe - astronauts who died during the takeoff of the Space Shuttle Challenger on January 28, 1986.

In Byzantium of the XNUMXth-XNUMXth centuries there were two supreme commanders: magister militum equitum and magister militum peditum. The first of them was in charge of the cavalry, the second infantry.

Russian peasants, marking the boundaries of their land plots, made notches on trees. These notches were called frontiers (hence the abroad).

In documents that have come down to us from the era of the Roman emperor Diocletian, the profession of an argyroscope is mentioned. These were people respected, highly paid and exempt from taxes. They checked the quality of the coins.

Prominent French linguist Vandries admired the Cyrillic alphabet: This is a real masterpiece! How far the Anglo-Saxons and Irish are from him!

On the bronze badges - the banners of the Roman legions - there were 4 letters: SPQR. They meant the senate and the Roman people. Now you can see these letters in Rome on any municipal property.

The first edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica, published in 1768, contained 3 volumes, 2689 pages and 3 words. The 000 edition contains 000 volumes, 1993 pages and 32 words.

Europeans got acquainted with the lemon in the XNUMXth century BC. In the descriptions of Palestine, made in the XIII century, it is said about him: There are trees that produce fruits with a pungent taste. Their juice is enjoyed with pleasure in the summer with meat and fish, as it is cold and dries out the palate. The Greeks and Romans called it the Median apple, then this name was transformed into a medical apple.

According to the XNUMXth-century writer Innokenty Gizel, the name Russians comes from a word meaning dispersion.

The canopy is an ancient silk fabric from the city of Baghdad.

Asteroids are named after the Beatles: 4147 - Lennon, 4148 - McCartney, 4149 - Harrison, 4150 - Ringo Starr.

The phrase Appetite comes with eating was first used by the French Bishop Jerome de Angers in his essay On Causes. However, we know it from Gargantua and Pantagruel F. Rabelais.

Satin got its name from the Chinese city of Ziting, where it was produced by Chinese textile workers.

Idiotes or idiot - in Greek this word meant a simple, private person.

In 1853, a new book appeared in Russian bookstores called the Bazaar of Worldly Vanity. That was the name in the Russian translation of Thackeray's Vanity Fair.

Of the Russian writers, the author of the Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language, V.I. Dahl.

At the Astapovo railway station, the clock always shows the same time, namely 6 hours 5 minutes. At this hour on November 7, 1910, Leo Tolstoy died here.

The largest bone in the human skeleton is the femur. It can withstand more than 1,5 tons. (International Review)

Chocolate contains a substance - theobromine, which stimulates the brain and dilates blood vessels. (International Review)

By 2005, a 152-meter bronze Buddha statue will be erected in India. The giant sculpture will be three times the size of the American Statue of Liberty. (rbn.ru/)

The feeling of fullness occurs 10 minutes after the start of a meal - these are objective data for the first time recorded as a change in brain activity; in overweight people, the brain reacts to food more slowly. (echo.msk.ru/headings/granit/?,230)

German entrepreneur Thomas Kusagi has filed a patent for a mechanical device that makes license plate theft very difficult. The standard number plate is placed in a metal frame mounted on the bumper, equipped with a lock with a digital code. According to the inventor, in order to remove such a sign, the thief would have to dismantle the entire back of the car. (freedom.org)

Women were forbidden to fight with a bull only in the 27th century. In Catholic Spain, women entered the arena even two hundred years ago. The famous matador of the end of the 1839th century Pajuelera fought in the arenas of Madrid. And the bullfight on January XNUMX, XNUMX went down in history as a purely female tauromachy: all participants - picadors, banderillero and matador - were young women. (corrida.hobby.ru/women.html)

Ornithophily is the pollination of plants by birds.

During the 90s, Russia's population decreased from 148,7 million to 145,5 million. According to UN forecasts, by 2050 the population of Russia may be reduced to 115 million people. (I. Bestuzhev-Lada, President of the Academy of Forecasting, Trud-7 13.06.2000/XNUMX/XNUMX)

If Margaret Mitchell had not sprained her leg and languished from idleness, she probably would never have written Gone with the Wind. (Parliamentary newspaper, 10.03.2000)

Researchers from the University of Manchester found that an excess of the male sex hormone in the body makes its owners extremely talkative. (Manchester Evening News, 2.06.2000/XNUMX/XNUMX)

Agora (gr. agora) is a trading square and a place of public meetings in ancient Greek cities.

There is an opinion that in Ancient Greece a person was called an idiot who did not go to the agora (that is, was not interested in politics). (Roman 'RoS' Shirokoff)

Idiot literally from Greek means dissident. By the way, that is why a severe mental disorder of a person is called idiocy. (Slon)

The company name Mitsubishi in Japanese means three diamonds (Kirill K. Klaxon magazine)

Lilya Brik, mistress of V.V. Mayakovsky, lived to be 86 years old and committed suicide because of unhappy love. (Nikolaev Maxim. Yu. Karabichevsky Resurrection of Mayakovsky)

Since 1799, in St. Petersburg, there was an order from the Chief of Police that no one had a sideburn. (Experience of history generesis.boom.ru/ a800 .htm)

The motto on the national emblem of Belgium: In unity there is strength.

Information about the connection of Thomas Jefferson, the Great Sphinx, with his black slave Sally Hemings appeared in newspapers in 1802. Jefferson denied everything (Mirror Weekly, 1999. mirror.kiev.ua/ paper/1999/13/1251/text/13-23-1 .htm)

Lilya Brik, Mayakovsky's mistress, committed suicide not because of unhappy love in her ninth decade of her life, but because she found out that she was terminally ill with cancer. Source - a series of editions of 100 great (in this case - 100 great mistresses).

Bad posture of a man repels women. A hunched figure is always perceived as a sign of a person's subordination and dependence, which does not contribute to his success in love affairs. (Passport Express, No1, 2000)

Three unpleasant incidents ended Kutuzov's career as military governor of St. Petersburg in 1801. One carriage, traveling from Vasilevsky Island, crushed an Englishman on St. Isaac's Square. Ushakov, returning home at night to the Mikhailovsky Castle, was robbed and brutally beaten. Lieutenant Shubin from the Semyonovsky regiment was wounded in the Summer Garden in the evening. The emperor was angry, Kutuzov said he was sick. The next day, a commission was appointed from the adjutant generals: Uvarov, Prince Volkonsky and Senator Makarov, in order to carry out a strict search for this case. Kutuzov was fired into his possessions. (site Experiences of history, generesis.boom.ru/)

One of the numerous works of Johann Euler (the eldest son of Leonhard Euler) was called Research on the motion of a ball in a horizontal plane and was devoted to billiards. The work was published in a collection of the Berlin Academy in 1758.

In 1975, an elephant was stolen from the Dublin Circus (Ireland).

Carpology is the study of the fruits and seeds of plants.

The name of the winner of the Indycar 500 in 1920 was prophetic - the athlete's name was Gaston Chevrolet.

During the night, the mole can dig a tunnel more than 88 meters long.

In the state of Montana (USA) there is Mount Anaconda.

If Arnold Schwarzenegger's fee for Terminator 2: Judgment Day is divided by the number of words he says in that movie, each Terminator word is worth $31645.

At the 1904 Olympics, Queen Alexandra of England wanted to see how the marathon runners finished. And the finish line was moved to 195 meters, so that it was just opposite the royal box.

There are more sheep in Australia than people.

The first railway in Latvia, Riga Dinaburg, was opened in 1861. In 1866 it was extended to Orel. (website Experience of History, generesis.boom.ru/)

The misunderstanding with the meaning of the word Mitsubishi occurred due to the fact that in English the word diamond means both a diamond, a rhombus, and a diamond suit. Mitsubishi translated from Japanese to English as 3 diamonds (correct), and then the Russian translator chose the wrong value (correct - three diamonds). (Alexander Kamin)

There are several opinions about the name of billiards. The English author John Wilk, for example, noted that the original billiard game had the name balyards, made up of the ancient Saxon words: bal (ball) and nyerds (stick). Other sources mention that the word billiards comes from the French bille (ball). (I. Balin, In the world of billiards)

The word sombrero comes from the Spanish sombre, meaning shadow.

Fried armadillo meat tastes like pork.

In 1990, a patrol on a nude beach in Dorset, England, was asked to serve naked. Outraged law enforcement officers protested: And where are we going to carry a gun and a walkie-talkie?

Mosquitoes lay up to 200 eggs every 5 days. (Submitted by: Baklan)

Mosquitoes can fly up to 35 hours without stopping. (Submitted by: Baklan)

A person's memory is able to store up to 90% of what a person does, 50% of what he sees, and 10% of what he hears. (Sent by: Artem, safarisoft.narod.ru)

Who, sitting from idleness, chats with his feet, he shakes the devil. (Dal's Explanatory Dictionary, slova.ru/)

The full title of Daniel Defoe's book is The Life and Amazing Adventures of Robinson Crusoe, a sailor from York who lived for twenty-eight years in complete solitude, on a desert island off the coast of America, near the mouth of the Orinoco River, where he was thrown by a shipwreck, during which the entire crew of the ship except him died ; Outlining his unexpected release by pirates, written by himself.

Amenhotep IV ruled Egypt in the XNUMXth century BC. He forbade the worship of all gods except the sun god Aten. This pharaoh is also called Akhenaten, which means Pleasing to the Aten.

The UK is made up of four countries: England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. The Union Jack flag is made up of the flags of the patron saints of three of these countries - England (George), Scotland (Andrew) and Ireland (Patrick). The flag of Wales which depicts the Red Dragon in the Union Jack is not included.

In 1972, the stewardess of the Yugoslav airliner, 22-year-old Vesna Vulovich, survived after the plane exploded in the air at an altitude of 10 km. True, she came to her senses only a month later.

A diamond is not called a diamond at all, but any precious stone cut with a special, brilliant cut. So a diamond can also be a ruby, and a diamond does not necessarily become a diamond after processing. (Mikhail Akopov)

Volkswagen translates as people's wagon (car). (Denis)

In Russian, J. Salinger's famous novel The Catcher in the Rye (Catcher in the Rye, or the One Who Catches in the Rye) has the official title The Catcher in the Rye. This is due to the impossibility of the translator to choose the appropriate verbal formation for the English word catcher - the one who catches. If the English version emphasizes the desire and ability of the protagonist Holden Caulfield to help people, the Russian version emphasizes his critical position and need for support. Nevertheless, the translator managed to preserve the rhythmic pattern of the title of the original. (Coolinaria. Bulletin of the Volgograd State University. Series 2: Philology)

During the Yuan Dynasty, Beijing became the capital of all of China for the first time. True, the city was then called Dadu, and in Europe it was known as Khanbalyk - the Khan's city. Since the XNUMXth century, the name Beiping has been fixed for the city, which means Northern calm. It is from the word Beiping that, in fact, the Russian name Beijing comes. (website Travel - near and far. prbank.ru/ ~milura/index .shtml)

In accordance with the fundamentals of Islam, every devout Muslim should at least once in his life visit the mother of cities, as Mecca is called in the Koran. (website Travel - near and far. prbank.ru/ ~milura/index .shtml)

The Kaaba is a stone structure of a cubic shape, the base of which is 10 m by 12 m, and the height is 15 m. (By the way, the word cube comes from the word kaaba.) The corners of the Kaaba are oriented to the cardinal points. The Kaaba is covered with a black silk veil called kiswa. The cover is changed once a year. The upper part of the coverlet is decorated with sayings from the Koran embroidered with gold. Sayings from the Qur'an also decorate the veil that closes the door to the Kaaba. This door, by the way, is made of pure gold and weighs 286 kg.

Adolf Hitler laid the foundation stone for the Volkswagen factory.

On the label of the Zolotoy Well mineral water from ZAO Zolotoy Well from the city of Belozersk there is a picture - the globe with the continents and around the circle the inscription Take care of your country. Only recently has the globe become turned towards the viewer by Europe. Before that, South and North America were visible on it.

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Self-healing chips 28.09.2006

A group of American scientists began a three-year project to research the technology of creating microchips that can independently recover from failures, reports Extreme Tech.

The start of work on the project was announced last week at a conference on design automation, held in San Francisco, representatives of the corporation Semiconductor Research, US National Science Foundation and Michigan State University.

It is supposed to build a chip design technology that will more efficiently search for faulty parts of the chip, transfer computing functions from non-working parts to working ones, and then correct the problems that have arisen and return the repaired section to operation. In this case, the microchip will be able to recover through the use of online software and its own components.

Currently, semiconductor redundancy is used to find and diagnose problems in semiconductors, which requires significant additional costs, performance degradation and an increase in chip size. Reliability modeling of complex systems is becoming increasingly complex as it requires consideration of more and more diverse factors, from defects in silicon wires to flaws in software applications.

The study will develop both a direct and intuitive error correction model, and create fast and accurate ways to analyze infrastructure reliability.

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