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AT LEISURE
To help the erudite. Database on the history, geography, biology, science, technology, sport, culture, traditions of the peoples of the world. According to the materials of the press and the Internet.
For the manufacture of modern banknotes, special paper is used with a high content of cotton and linen fibers, which is also glued in a special way to give mechanical strength (the bill must withstand at least 2,5 thousand double folds). As money goes out of circulation, the question of their disposal periodically arises. Every day, the New York Federal Bank alone destroys more than $35 million worth of banknotes, and also identifies about 30 counterfeit bills. Obsolete money is crushed in special machines. After the so-called processing by sections, paper ribbons with a width of 1-2 mm are obtained. They are pressed into briquettes, which are transferred to private processing firms. In Europe, old national currencies, as a rule, were processed into toilet paper or wallpaper, even roofing was made from them. True, the Germans did not want to part with their brand so easily - it was decided to process the German currency into methanol (technical alcohol). By the way, it is in Russia that there is the longest tradition of color design of banknotes. Five-ruble and ten-ruble banknotes, which first appeared in 1786, were printed on blue and red paper so that illiterate representatives of the lower classes would not confuse them. Later, in 1843, yellow one-ruble banknotes and green three-ruble banknotes appeared. No monetary reforms, and there were at least a dozen of them, could shake this color scheme, which persisted until 1991. In contrast to the ruble, American dollars do not have a rich palette. In addition, the US currency is extremely ascetic in terms of design. It is curious that the design project of the 1 $1928 note was created by an emigrant from Russia, Sergei Makronovsky. He, in fact, proposed to depict on dollars a gallery of American presidents and a triangle with an all-seeing eye, which, in the terminology of the Masons, is a symbol of world order and the unity of all money. In London and New York, underground transport has existed since the 1901th century. The issue of building a domestic subway (metropolitan road) was raised as early as 1900 by the Ryazan-Ural Railway Society. In the 1910-1924s. a number of projects were put forward, according to one of which the metro line passed through the Moskvoretsky bridge and ended in a giant building of the central station on Red Square (see A. Lebedev's website metro.ru). However, not a single pre-revolutionary project was implemented. In 1933, the Moscow Roads and Tram Network Administration created a special sub-department to prepare the Moscow Metro project. The urgent need to unload the Moscow transport routes was spurred on by the desire to strike back at the achievements of foreign countries. By a resolution of the Plenum of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, it was decided to begin construction in 10. The metro scheme was approved in the amount of 1932 radii. Historians also like to mention the strategic functions of the subway, which forms an entire underground city with secret paths known to few. By 500, with the participation of invited foreigners, the first working draft was prepared. In the spring, ground work began. More than 1935 enterprises began to produce the necessary equipment. Under the slogan Give the subway! young people came to the capital from all over the country. Donbass miners, Dneprostroyers - all built the Lazar Kaganovich metro. Metrostroy was supposed to prove the advantage of the USSR in the ideological competition with the West. Already in the spring of 13, the first metro route was tested. At that time, tickets-passes for a one-time trip were considered an award for special services to the Motherland. For passenger use, the line, which consisted of 15 stations, opened on May 1935, XNUMX. On the opening day, a wagon assembled according to American drawings went on the rails. It was tan-colored, lit by sconces, and the seats were stuffed with horsehair. In the entire history of the metro, among many models, captured German cars also traveled underground. And on the sign Mytishchi Carriage Works on the end walls of the cars, you probably paid attention - this plant was founded by Savva Ivanovich Mamontov. On average, the offspring of one female ostrich is 40 chicks per year. Chicks reach market weight in 10-11 months after birth, give from 1,5 to 2,0 tons of meat, 50 sq.m. leather and 30 kg of feathers. The percentage of live weight in ostriches is much higher than that of other farm animals such as cattle, sheep and even poultry, at 40-50 percent. The productive period of a female ostrich lasts up to 40 years. Russian ostrich In 1367, Prince Dmitry Donskoy ordered the construction of new walls and towers of the Moscow Kremlin from limestone near Moscow from Myachkovo. From that moment began the history of quarries (caves) near Moscow, which are becoming a popular topic in the media. Over the years, the quarries have changed so much that to the inexperienced eye they cannot be distinguished from natural caves (as a rule, not before). The presence of karst skinners, which are primarily shown to beginners, even more smoothes this difference. The hider is a narrow, unpleasant hole. The process of making instant coffee is quite complicated. A strong infusion of natural coffee, carefully filtered and then sprayed into a chamber at elevated temperature, filled with inert gases. Droplets of the extract coagulate and dry on the fly, turning into granules of a light brown powder. This is instant coffee. GorodFM.RU. ESSENTIAL THINGS The emergence of modern whaling dates back to 1868, when a special whaling vessel was first used with a steam engine and a harpoon gun invented by the Norwegian captain Sven Foyn. Then there were coastal bases and floating factories. The most terrible began in the 30s of the last century. At that time, about forty flotillas operated in the waters of the Antarctic every year. In 1930 alone, they caught 41 whales. GorodFM.RU. ESSENTIAL THINGS In 1619, a Dutch captain brought the first black slaves to Virginia. Before 1800, their number in the southern states of the United States had grown to a million. InoSMI.Ru-series: Empire USAnum - YIII In 1847, US troops take the city of Mexico City and set up a terrible scene: American deserters have to watch the last battle while on the gallows, their heads were already in the noose. When the last bastion of the Mexicans is taken by storm, they are hanged. InoSMI.Ru-series: Empire USAnum - YIII Mazepa Ivan Stepanovich (1644 - 1709) - hetman of Ukraine in 1687 - 1708. He was a great friend of the Russian tsar, but one day he was a little mistaken. That is - during the Great Northern War he miscalculated the chances of the parties, and went over with his Cossacks to King Charles XII. There was Poltava, where the Swede, as you know, was defeated. After that, Mazepa had to flee to Turkey. Peter the Great, who did not like traitors (they say that all the more or less well-known rulers shared this strange feature with him), anathematized Mazepa through the Synod, and even seemed to be trying to snatch him out of Turetchina. But Mazepa paid off, sat out, and in the end achieved a great goal: he died a natural death ... SPECIAL FORCE OF RUSSIA. TO SPICE THE HARRY NEIGHBOR. July 2002 This is the way to fly. Witches prepare an ointment from the boiled parts of a child's body, especially those children whom they kill before baptism; at the direction of the demon, they smear some seat or stick with it, after which they immediately rise into the air; this happens both day and night, visible and invisible, since a demon can hide another body through one body. And although the demon uses this ointment and many others of this kind with the aim of depriving children of the grace of baptism and salvation, yet he can act without ointment when he transfers witches to animals, which are not really animals, but demons in their person; sometimes witches fly without any external help, invisibly acting force of demons. HAMMER OF WITCHES. About the way witches are transported from place to place When the Scythian kills the first enemy, he drinks his blood. The Scythian warrior brings the heads of all those killed by him in battle to the king. After all, only the one who brought the head of the enemy receives his share of the booty, otherwise not. The skin is torn off the head as follows: an incision is made around the head near the ears, then they grab the hair and shake the head out of the skin. Then the skin is cleaned of meat with a bull's rib and wrinkled with her hands. The Scythian warrior uses dressed leather like a hand towel, ties it to the bridle of his horse and proudly flaunts it. Whoever has the most of these leather towels is considered the most valiant husband. Some even make cloaks out of flayed skin, sewing them together like goatskins. Others, from the skin torn off along with the nails from the right hand of enemy corpses, make covers for their quivers. Herodotus. Story. Book IV. Melpomene Nerve cells are restored! Despite the fact that the rate of recovery of nerve cells is low, it can increase if a person is engaged in intellectual work. To such an unexpected and encouraging conclusion, after years of research, biologists from Princeton University Elizabeth Gould and Charles Gross came. According to the Consumer Information Agency, they found that thousands of new cells, called neurons, are born in the brain every day. Moreover, they arise only in those areas that are associated with intellectual functions. Podrobnosti.ua Catherine de Medici is a whole period of French history. Niece of Pope Clement VII, wife of King Henry II of France (1533-1559), and then de facto ruler with her sons Francis II (1559-1560), Charles the Ninth (1560-1574) and Henry III (1574-1589). Cruel, treacherous and treacherous, who arranged the famous St. Bartholomew's night, she created an agent network throughout the country, and perhaps throughout Europe. One of her favorite creations was, as historians later called it, the flying squadron of love, consisting of two hundred ladies-in-waiting of the royal court, dressed up like a goddess, but accessible like mere mortals. The writer and historian Henri Estienne, in his book Dialogues of the Courtesans of Bygone Times, published back in 1649, wrote: Most often, with the help of the girls from her retinue, she attacked and defeated the most formidable opponents. And for this she was called the great matchmaker of the kingdom... Anna Levinson. Catherine de Medici and her flying squadron of love Terrifying accidents happen again and again at air shows. This is a chronicle of the most terrible of them. July 26, 1997, Belgium - during the international aviation exhibition in Ostend, while performing a dead loop, the biplane of the Royal Jordanian Air Force XT-300 lost control and caught fire. Nine people - the pilot and eight spectators - were killed, 57 people were injured. The alleged cause of the accident is pilot error. May 9, 1993, Russia - during the celebration of the 48th anniversary of the end of the war, a Yak-52 sports plane crashed at an air show in the Urals Nizhny Tagil. At least 18 people died, many were seriously injured. October 22, 1989, Ecuador - 10 people were killed when an Ecuadorian military Jaguar fell on residential buildings in the port city of Guayacuil at an air show. Seven residents received severe burns. August 28, 1988, Germany - Three jets of the Italian aerobatics squadron Frecce Tricolori collided during a demonstration flight at the American air force base Ramstein, caught fire and fell on spectators. Three pilots and 31 spectators were killed. Over the following weeks, 36 more of the 388 wounded died from injuries. The cause of the disaster is the human factor. 23 May 1983 Germany - Six family members of a priest were burned to death in their own car when a Canadian fighter jet crashed into their car during an air show at Frankfurt's Rhein-Main Airport. The pilot managed to eject and survived. September 11, 1982, Germany - All 46 occupants of a US military helicopter of the Giant Chinook CH 47 type died when the helicopter, carrying paratroopers from France, England and Germany, crashed onto a highway during the celebration of the International Airship Day in Mannheim. September 5, 1982, Germany - five people were killed by a crashed American biplane during a demonstration of aerobatics in Bad Dürkheim. The pilot was seriously injured. June 3, 1973, France - at the Paris air show, a Soviet supersonic Tu-144 aircraft exploded and fell on a village; 14 people died. September 24, 1972, USA - A burning fighter jet crashed into an ice cream parlor in Sacramento, California, killing 22 people, including 10 children. The pilot received minor injuries. Shortly after takeoff during an air show, his plane went into a tailspin. June 19, 1965, France - During the international air show at the Paris Le Bourget airport, an Italian military aircraft Fiat G-91 missed the runway during landing. He damaged about 50 cars parked there in a parking lot located along the strip. 9 people died, 12 were seriously injured. September 6, 1952, Great Britain - 65 people were killed when a British fighter jet exploded and fell into a crowd of spectators who were present at an air show in Farnborough, England. After a short pause, the organizers of the show resumed the program. Der Spiegel. INOPRESSA.RU. Air show accidents More than two hundred and seventy million Chinese, which makes up one fifth of the population of the Middle Kingdom, have simple and unpretentious names - Li, Wang and Zhang. Thus, these three names, alien to the Russian, and not only, are becoming the most popular in the world. And not Ivan and not John at all - although these names are unconditionally popular among the Russian and English-speaking population. According to information provided by the Chinese press, the names of Li, Wang and Zhang in China are representatives of more than twenty-two thousand families. Their number is 22,4% of the population, the Chinese Academy of Sciences notes. Li, Wang and Zhang make up, according to scientists, 7,9%, 7,4% and 7,1% of all modern Chinese names, respectively. Top.rbc.ru During excavations in a Byzantine palace in southern Albania, British archaeologists managed to find a chess piece, reports BBC News. A valuable item was found in the cultural layer of the ancient city of Butrint. The find is made of walrus tusk. The damage to the figure is minor. Researchers date it to the sixth century AD. Until recently, it was believed that chess became popular among the European elite only 700 years after the invention of the game in the East. However, this find, according to the leaders of the expedition organized by the University of Anglia, indicates that Europeans began to play chess not in the XNUMXth century, but much earlier. LENTA.RU The Italian alchemist and poet John Augurel presented Pope Leo X with a poem that detailed a reliable method for obtaining gold from mercury or lead. What was the surprise of the alchemist, counting on a solid reward, when the pope handed him an empty purse with the words: Possessing such great art, for complete happiness, only an empty purse is needed to add up the gold received. People's History In Minsk (Belarus) there is a unique museum of boulders of stones at the Institute of Geology. Some specimens are 350-400 thousand years old. There are museums like this one in many countries - Germany, Holland, Finland, Sweden and Poland. In a similar German museum located near Hamburg, there are only 106 boulders in the collection. There are 2134 silent witnesses of the past in Minsk! Today in Minsk (April data) 33 higher education institutions train specialists with higher education, 22 of them are state-owned, 11 are private. There are 149 cars per thousand residents of Minsk. Almost two million inhabitants of the city of Minsk produce about three million cubic meters of municipal solid waste per year. About 300 tons of municipal solid waste and 200 tons of industrial waste are generated annually in Minsk. No world-famous artist painted as many self-portraits as Rubens. He left behind more than 90 self-portraits. In rock art, men are usually depicted as thin, while women are obese. Michelangelo Buanorotti painted female images using male sitters. The famous statue of David was made by Michelangelo from a piece of black marble left over from another sculptor who had unsuccessfully tried to work on the piece and then abandoned it. The designer of the military uniform worn by the guards in the Vatican is Michelangelo. Leonardo da Vinci was the illegitimate son of a notary and a peasant woman. He was born in a small village called... Vinci, of course! Leonardo da Vinci actually worked as a military engineer. He considered himself a specialist in hydraulics, architecture and military affairs. Previously, there were no people in Mauritius at all; dodos lived - ugly, fat walking birds with a bald head. The sailors killed them, first christening them with the nickname Dodo, which is a simpleton in Portuguese (our Tsar Dodon is also clumsy, awkward). The simple bird remained on the flag of Mauritius.
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