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AT LEISURE
To help the erudite. Database on the history, geography, biology, science, technology, sport, culture, traditions of the peoples of the world. According to the materials of the press and the Internet.
The Old Testament was written in Hebrew. The New Testament is in Greek. In Hebrew, the anointed one is mashnah; the Greeks pronounced this word in their own way - messias, hence the word messiah, which has entered almost all languages. Pope Sylvester II (999-1003), being a monk, studied mathematical and technical sciences with Arab scientists for several years. He had great knowledge in the field of metal processing. in 972-982 He taught at the Archbishop's School in Reims. He gained fame as a scientist. Some suspected him of witchcraft and dealing with the devil. It is said that the figure of the scientist-alchemist Pope Sylvester II, covered with legends, served as the prototype of Dr. Faust. The ancient Greeks believed that the gods bestowed on mere mortals only two virtues - the ability to forget and ignorance of the future. The first reliably known use of bacteriological weapons dates back to 1347, and this happened in the Crimea. In the camp of the Tatars, besieging Kafa (now Feodosia), an epidemic of plague broke out. The besiegers decided not to bury the corpses of the dead - and with the help of catapults they began to throw them into the city. The Genoese who fled from the city brought the plague to Europe - and an epidemic began, from which about 75 million people died. (jalita.com) In 1532, a huge army of Spanish conquistadors gathered near the Orinoco River in South America. They were preparing to give battle to the Indians. The Indian army was armed only with arrows and spears, and the Spaniards, who owned firearms, were confident in the outcome of the battle. But then the unexpected happened. Several warriors came out of the ranks of the Indians with ... frying pans in their hands. Hot coals burned in the pans, and from time to time the Indians sprinkled some kind of powder on the pans. The Spaniards laughed at the strange trick of the opponents, but - only until the moment when the wind blew in their direction. The wind brought a terrible acrid smoke, from which the Spanish soldiers, sneezing and coughing, fled, broke the line. And then the spears of the Indians fell on them. Ground red pepper was burned on hot coals. Paphos (from the Greek pathos - suffering, feeling, passion), inspiration, enthusiasm, upsurge. The Swedish company Stiga began developing table hockey back in 1957. The first model was the Stiga Play Off. Professionals consider it close to ideal. That is why the International Table Hockey Federation has adopted Stiga Play Off as a standard - all championships in the world are held on these fields. Adult games, June 2002 John Travolta completed the pilot training courses of the Australian company Qantas and on July 1 went on a trip around the world. On his Boeing-707, the actor plans to visit 10 states. Travolta is literally obsessed with airplanes and even named his son Jet (jet in English means both a jet engine and a jet plane). Weekly Magazine, July 2, 2002 Mohammed al-Fayed decided to build himself a glass mausoleum on the roof of his fashionable Harrods store. Al-Fayed said that after shopping, anyone can visit him by going up to the top floor of the Knights-bridge building, where the shop is located. Weekly Magazine, July 2, 2002 Most of the pasta produced and sold in Russia is not pasta! For the production of real pasta, in the understanding of Italians, only durum wheat flour (Triticum Durum, semolina) and water (and nothing else!), While the vast majority of Russian pasta is made from baking flour, at best - from soft wheat grits. Several countries (first Italy, France and Greece) have established by law that pasta can only be made from durum wheat, and that the use of other raw materials - without mention - is fraudulent. Other countries (Spain, United States, Canada), although they do not have a specific law on this issue, traditionally consume a lot of pasta made from durum wheat. In fact, the quality requirements of pasta are fully satisfied only with such wheat. This is due to the difference in the carbohydrate structures of hard and soft wheat. In durum wheat, starch is in crystalline form, while in soft wheat it is in amorphous form. With proper grinding, crystalline starch is not destroyed in pasta either - again, with the right pressing and drying conditions, starch crystals stick together with protein lumps, the content of which is higher in durum wheat. In ancient China, starting from the Tang Dynasty (XNUMXth-XNUMXth centuries AD) and up to the Song Dynasty (X-XIII centuries AD), it was customary not to brew tea, but to boil it, so the dishes for its preparation were made mostly metal. Gold and silver teapots were considered the most suitable for this. When the method of brewing tea became widespread, then ceramic dishes began to be in demand - separate from those used for boiling water. It is believed that it is best to brew tea in red clay dishes. The fact is that it allows air to pass through: in cold weather, such a kettle retains heat well, and in hot weather it protects the drink from souring. Over time, dishes made from this material become more and more smooth, acquiring a touch of antiquity, and the aroma and taste of tea brewed in it become richer. Yukio Mishima (real name Haraoka Kimitake) was and remains the most famous Japanese writer. He has forty novels, fifteen plays, dozens of essays to his credit. He was a director, an actor, and was nominated for the Nobel Prize three times. On November 25, 1970, Mishima and his associates in the paramilitary Shield Society attempted to start a military mutiny. Armed with swords, they broke into one of the Tokyo military bases, captured the commandant and demanded to gather soldiers. Standing on the rooftop, Mishima delivered a ten-minute speech calling for an attack on the parliament and the protection of the emperor. But no one listened to him. Descending from the roof, Mishima knelt down and committed hara-kiri (seppuku) with an ancient sword of the XNUMXth century... This finale stunned the West, but not the suicidal compatriots. Because the Hagakure treatise begins with the phrase I realized that the path of the Samurai is death. Harakiri, Japanese, seppuko, Chinese, an ancient Japanese method of suicide by tearing open one's stomach. There are two types of H., compulsory (the privilege of the military nobility, samurai, instead of death at the hands of the executioner in the case of a crime accusation) and voluntary (in protest against injustice). H. was considered an honorable type of suicide; is now out of use. Small Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron HARAKIRI (Japanese: hara - belly and kiri - cut). Another reading is seppuku. Japanese ritual suicide. Until the middle of the 19th century. nobles and officials often committed hara-kiri in order to punish themselves for a serious crime, to express grief that had befallen, or to protect their honor or the honor of a family. The details of the hara-kiri ritual differed depending on who performed it. Usually, a second person, a friend, had to be present at the ceremony. The perpetrator of hara-kiri had to rip his stomach open with a dagger, while the assistant then cut the throat of the suicide with a sword in order to hasten death and alleviate suffering. In emergencies, such as on the battlefield, hara-kiri was performed without ceremony and quickly. Encyclopedia Around the World According to research firm Nielsen/NetRatings, Internet users who surf the Web on a Macintosh are generally better educated and earn more money than their IBM PC counterparts. According to NetRatings, this study was not paid for by Apple Computer, although it is a NetRatings client. And before the publication of the report NetRatings did not acquaint Apple with the results. ROL Ray Kroc was 52 when he founded McDonald's. Prior to this, Ray Kroc worked as a traveling salesman for thirty years before success accompanied him. It all started with an unusual order. The owners of a provincial diner ordered Kroc 8 mixers! The inquisitive salesman wondered who suddenly needed 40 milkshakes at the same time, and went to the city of San Bernardino, where the order came from. So the historic meeting of the brothers Mac and Dick MacDonald with the man who perpetuated their name, turning it into a trademark, took place. On April 15, 1955, in Des Planes, Illinois, Ray opened his first golden arch. 519 liters of saliva are produced by the human body annually. In 1901, in accordance with the decree of Witte, the first state plant was founded, called Wine Warehouse No1. He produced three varieties of vodka: simple, improved, boyar. Now it is the Crystal factory. Vodka plant Crystal In the Primorsky Territory, since 1999, there has been the possibility of rehabilitating orphaned bear cubs. On the basis of the Ussuri Nature Reserve, with the financial support of the Phoenix Foundation, the International Bear Foundation and WildAid, a bear rehabilitation center was organized, the first in the Russian Far East. In the center, cubs learn to live independently in the wild according to the method of V.S. Pazhetnov, a well-known specialist in this field. During the entire rehabilitation course, only one person maintains contact with the cubs - the bear's father, who is responsible for the care and feeding of the bears. The center can rehabilitate up to 10 orphaned bear cubs during the year. In China, traditionally, drugs of biological origin are very popular. For example, a gram of bear bile in China costs up to ten dollars. To meet the increased demand for this product, bear farms have been created in China, where animals are kept in cramped cages with implanted fistulas, from which bile constantly drips. Under these conditions, the animals do not live long, so there is a constant need for new bears. For several years, Chinese citizens have been actively buying ginseng, derivatives, live bear and tiger cubs from residents of the taiga regions of Primorsky Krai. After the Second World War, the swastika, associated with the emblem of the Third Reich, was taken out of use in most civilized countries, with the possible exception of Finland, where it is included in the state heraldry. In the countries of the East, where the swastika was an ancient religious symbol, no taboos were imposed on its use. The author of the book Rehabilitation of the Damned Symbol, Roman Bagdasarov, categorically argues that fascism and the swastika should be finally separated. The main reason for the rejection of the swastika is the loss of cultural continuity of the past. The rejection of the swastika had deep social and psychological roots, the study of which is a matter for the future. The book contains many interesting and unknown facts. Few people know that the English writer Rudyard Kipling used the swastika as a personal coat of arms. For him, she embodied Strength, Beauty, Originality and Illumination. The book is richly illustrated. Interesting photographs of Jacqueline Kennedy in a dress decorated with large swastikas and Leo Tolstoy on his deathbed covered with a blanket with a swastika ornament. Noteworthy is the image of the Coca-Cola advertising keychain in the form of a swastika with the inscription: Drink Coca-Cola in bottles for 5 cents. The swastika was depicted on the badges of the Boy Scouts until 1940. The founder of the Scouting movement, Robert Baden-Powell, explained that it depicts a schematic map of Atlantis with four rivers flowing from a single center. On July 17, 1868, a decision was made to transfer the capital of Japan from Kyoto to Edo, the city we know as Tokyo. But first things first. Despite the antiquity of its origin, Edo has long been considered a remote backwater. Archaeologists have discovered that a human settlement existed here as early as the Japanese Neolithic period - millennia before our days. Centuries swept over a small fishing village, without affecting the patriarchal way of life that had developed there. And only in the XV century, the local feudal commander Ota Dokan decided to build a castle here - one of the strongholds of his possessions. By 1720, the population of Edo reached a million people. It was the largest city in the world at that time. And in 1867, when, after the coup, power passed back into the hands of the emperor, it was decided to change the capital. The imperial family moved from Kyoto to Edo. At the same time, Edo was renamed, having received the name - Tokyo, or, as we are used to, Tokyo - literally translated as the Eastern Capital. GorodFM.RU ON-THE-THE THINGS of July 17 The watch mechanism consists of: a gear mechanism with a motor in the form of a winding spring, which drives this mechanism, and an anchor mechanism that restrains the spring from opening and controls the speed of rotation of the gears. If you add hands to the clockwork, they will register the speed of rotation of the gear mechanism on the dial. In the eighteenth century such nicknames as the Russian Pindar (M.V. Lomonosov), the Russian Minerva (Catherine the Great), the Russian Cato (A.K. Radishchev) were common. Yu. M. Lotman devoted one of his best works to the latter, where he showed that the famous author of Journey from St. Petersburg to Moscow really built his life, identifying himself with the Roman political figure Cato of Utica, and, moreover, committed suicide in for the edification of posterity, realizing the principle of inner freedom. Dictionary of XNUMXth century culture: Biography Francisco Franco Baamonde, the former commander of the Spanish Foreign Legion, unlike Mussolini and Hitler, did not want to wait for an election victory. This victory went to him to win 100 thousand soldiers who left the barracks in Spanish Morocco and large cities on July 17, 1936. Later, the Italian corps and the German Condor brigade joined them, while 7 international brigades joined the ranks of the Republicans - 35 thousand daredevils from 54 countries of the world, as well as Soviet pilots and instructors. The result is known - on March 30, 1939, the country was in the hands of Franco, who was proclaimed generalissimo and remained the sole ruler of Spain until 1973. Spanish chronicles. Historical investigation Don't touch the sky... Of course, the names Jose and Maria are out of competition, 9 out of 10 Spaniards have one of them as their first name. Often both names are used. For example, the current president of the government is called Jose Maria Aznar. For women, both names are given in reverse order - Maria José. Such a high reverence for these two names is explained very simply. Maria and Jose (in Russian - Joseph) are the parents of Christ. The positions of the Catholic Church in Spain have always been very strong, and for many years one of these names had to be given to newborns without fail. And in order not to get confused in the huge number of Marias and Jose, the second name was already given at the choice of the parents. Therefore, almost all Spaniards have two names - Jose Ramon, Jose Luis, Maria Isabel, Maria Elena. Often the name of Christ himself is also used (in Spanish - Jesus), for example - Maria Jesus. Spanish chronicles. What's in my name? One of the myths of Russian history is the myth of the so-called Decembrists - the first women who identified women as a phenomenon in the public life of Russia. At the same time, it is the Russian nature of the phenomenon that is emphasized in every possible way, although only five of the 12 Decembrists were Russians, of the remaining two (Annenkova and Ivasheva) were purebred French women, one (Trubetskaya) was French by father and upbringing, two Poles by blood and cultural orientation (Entaltseva and Yushnevskaya), two are at least half Ukrainian (Volkonskaya and Davydova). All of them, however, belonged to the class considered the bearer of Russian state culture - the nobility (with the exception of the hired workers Polina Goble (Annenkova) and Camille Le-Dantyu (Ivasheva)) and in this capacity they were really the first Russian women whose act became a phenomenon socially significant and influenced the formation of the self-consciousness of Russian women (no wonder one of the founders of the Russian women's movement was the granddaughter of the Decembrist Ivashev) ... Of course, the overall picture was not so idyllic, for the environment itself was very colorful. A. Tyutchev drank himself with his alcoholic wife and died early, died in a drunken fight in the house of his mistress M. Glebov (by the way, only he was accused of being drunk on the Senate Square), the attitude towards her husband accelerated the illness and premature death of V. Küchelbeker absolutely alien to him wife - the daughter of a petty official. Open Women Line/Siberian Wives of the Decembrists The International Conference Russian Women in the 21st Century: Equal Rights for Men and Women published statistics on the number of cases of domestic violence against women. According to these data, 70% of Russian women have experienced violence, and 30% of them regularly face violence in their own family. About 14 Russian women die every year at the hands of their husbands or other relatives. INFORMATION SHEET No. 27 (261) June 24, 2002 Finnish scientists have shown that children are able to learn language in their sleep. Using a brain scan, they checked the reaction of 45 newborns to the sound of several of the most difficult Finnish vowels, made sure that there were no such reactions, then divided the experimental subjects into three groups and let one listen to a recording of the same sounds in a dream, the second - a recording of simpler sounds, and the third in general left alone. A few months later, only infants in the first group responded to difficult sounds during scanning. Perhaps it is the ability to keep the brain on and learn in a dream that explains why children, unlike adults, acquire language so quickly. Knowledge is Power, 7/02 Earth's continents have been united into a single giant supercontinent not once, but at least three times in the history of the Earth, John Rogers from the University of South Carolina came to this conclusion. He managed to recreate a map of the first such supercontinent, Columbia, which existed 1,9 billion years ago, using existing geological data. The most famous such continent, Pangea, was formed only 250 million years ago, and its predecessor, Rodinia, 1 billion years ago. Knowledge is Power, 7/02 A patent for the first dial telephone and automatic switchboard was issued to Elmon Strowger, an American from Kansas City, in 1891. Moreover, the inventor had nothing to do with telephony, he was an undertaker. There were two funeral homes in the city. Upon learning that the wife of a competitor got a job as a young lady at a telephone exchange, Strowger became worried: when subscribers ask to be connected to an undertaker, she certainly sends callers to his competitor! And he came up with a system that allows each subscriber to independently connect to the desired number directly from home, without intermediaries. Science and life No6, 2002
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