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AT LEISURE
To help the erudite. Database on the history, geography, biology, science, technology, sport, culture, traditions of the peoples of the world. According to the materials of the press and the Internet.
Olives and olives Olives and olives are preserved fruits of evergreen trees and shrubs belonging to the olive family. What is the difference between black olives and olives? Unripe green canned fruits of olive trees are called olives. Ripe, black-colored, canned fruits are called olives. Fresh olive fruits are inedible due to their bitter taste, which disappears only during the canning process. Olive fruits are rich in fats (55%), proteins (up to 6%), sugars, pectins and vitamins. One of the most common vegetable oils, olive oil, is obtained from the fruits of olives. To remove bitterness from fruits, when canning, they are first soaked in alkali, then washed, soaked in water and preserved with saline solution. During the process of aging olives in a saline solution, lactic acid fermentation occurs, as a result of which the fruits acquire a characteristic taste. stopka.ru - SNACKS WITH VODKA. The olive tree, or olive tree, is distributed throughout the Mediterranean. People cultivated wild olives more than 5 thousand years ago. The olive tree grows slowly, its maximum height is 15 m. The oldest olive groves in Israel are over a thousand years old. As in biblical times, farmers today use long poles to knock olives off their branches. Old olive trees have a rather quaint appearance. Their hard wood with a beautiful pattern is used for various crafts. Both olives and black olives are actually the same thing - the fruits of the olive tree (this crop is also called the European olive), but only at different degrees of maturity. Green, unripe fruits are olives; black, ripe - olives. Did you know that fresh black olives are completely inedible? All the bitterness that makes them uneatable is destroyed only by canning. Of course, olives are preserved in different ways, but the principle is the same: first, to remove bitterness, they are poured with a weak alkali solution, kept for several hours, then washed and filled with brine so that they ferment, and after fermentation they are packaged in jars. Olives were loved by Napoleon and Pushkin, Hugo and Schiller. Contemporaries claimed that Rubens, before sitting down to paint, consumed huge quantities of olives. Spaniards and Italians are sure that their hot love temperament would not be so powerful without the constant consumption of olives and olive oil. In historical and fiction literature you can often find the phrase Provençal oil. In fact, it is nothing more than olive oil. As they say, even the sun has spots. Thus, vitamin E in olive oil is 12 times less than in sunflower oil, and 24 times less than in soybean oil. Olives, Olives and Olive Oil Green fruits are often called olives, and black olives. This is not true. In fact, both black and green fruits are olives, but picked from the tree at different stages of ripening. They are called olives because of their high fat content: the riper the fruits, the more oil they contain. Therefore, those olives that are processed into oil are harvested when fully ripe. N. Klyuchin in his book The Future Revolution and the New Society gives examples of states whose social system can be called socialist. This: - practically a communist system established by the Chinese Emperor Wang Ming in the XNUMXst century AD; - the Inca state, discovered by the Spaniards in South America in 1531; - the state of the Jesuits in Paraguay, which existed in the XNUMXth-XNUMXth centuries; - Mesopotamia IV-III millennium BC; - Ancient Egypt; - Ancient China. On the poster of the first World Cup held in 1930 in Uruguay you can read: 1-er Campeonato Mundial Futball. Let language experts correct me, in my opinion the word Mundial can be translated as universal, world. The first World Cup goal was scored on July 13, 1930 by Frenchman Lucien Laurent at approximately 15:20 local time. Peruvian Galindo became the first player to be sent off in a World Cup match. They kicked him off the field for fighting. However, his team was not left in the minority - only goalkeepers were allowed to be replaced, and one of the Romanian field players had his leg broken in the game. Galindo himself calmly played the next match - disqualifications had not yet been invented. The Uruguay national team that won the championship featured a player without one arm - striker Hector Castro. Moreover, it was he who managed to score the last goal of this championship. One of the coaches of the Romanian national team was the then leader of the country, King Carol. Interestingly, before the World Cup, Karol issued a decree according to which the players of the national team participating in the World Cup were freed from work for three months while maintaining their earnings at their main jobs. Such a long period is associated with a long journey to Uruguay from Europe. As already noted, substitutions were prohibited in 1930 - only changing the goalkeeper was allowed. However, in the match Romania - Peru, according to official FIFA data, the first substitution took place. Demetrio Neira made way for Rodriguez Lizardo Nue in the 80th minute. CUP 2002 - FIFA World Cup. Uruguay 1930. The Serpentine Ramparts is the popular name for ancient titanic defensive earthen structures with a total length of more than 1500 kilometers, located south of Kyiv, along both banks of the Dnieper, along its tributaries. The name is associated with the legend of how Kirilo Kozhemyaka, having defeated a snake in single combat, harnessed it to a plow and plowed a harrow with it from east to west, marking the borders of Russian lands. Then Kirilo threw the snake to the sea, and he himself returned to Kyiv - to crush the skin. The peasants plow in their fields, but don’t touch the harrows - they leave them as a memory of Kiril. The dimensions of the shafts are amazing: the diameter of the base is twenty meters, and the height was originally twelve. The Serpentine Ramparts were not built all at once, but over the course of a whole millennium, specifically from the XNUMXnd century BC. and to the XNUMXth century AD, i.e. consistently against the Sarmatians, Goths, Huns, Avars, because The ramparts were always turned frontally to the south, against the steppe nomads, and constantly advanced in this direction. The Serpentine Ramparts are based on a powerful earthen rampart with a deep ditch at the foot. The remains of such structures have been preserved to this day in many regions of Ukraine, and they are especially clearly visible from a bird's eye view. Wedged between Spain and France, Andorra is the largest of Europe's smaller, dwarf states and has been under the unusual, dual rule of France and Spain since 1278. On the Spanish side, its head is the bishop of the city of Spain closest to Andorra - La Seu de Urgell. At the beginning, the French also had a representative of the church, but after all the French revolutions of the 18th and 19th centuries, the rights to Andorra were transferred to the president of the country. Like its medieval vassals, Andorra still pays annual tribute to France (960 francs) and the Bishop of Urgell (480 pesetas). Until recently, it was extremely difficult to obtain Andorran citizenship - it was given only to representatives of the fourth generation of immigrants. Now the laws have been softened a little: for example, spouses of Andorran citizens will never receive citizenship (only a residence permit), but children from these international marriages will already be Andorran citizens. Marine life in Spain has always been surrounded by superstitions: you couldn’t step off a ship with your right foot, you had to confess to the sea before sailing. In particularly critical situations, the captain, if he was a bachelor, made a vow to God and the entire crew that, in case of rescue, he would marry the first woman he came across in the port. After every decent storm, Barcelona's waterfront was filled with widows and unmarried women. Now this place is called Carrer de les Dames. Sailors' brides could also help their grooms calm the sea by lifting their skirts and showing their shame to the waves. Voyage. Temptation by Barcelona Already in the 16th century, Venetian merchants used such a modern @ sign; in those days it was a measure of weight and was called an amphora. In the Middle Ages, the Venetians did not use the vast majority of spices to add to food, but used them as money to pay for a variety of services. The length of the Venetian boat - gondolas are 11 meters, weight is about 600 kg. With all this, it can be easily controlled by one person using only one oar. The gondola has an asymmetrical shape. Its left side is 24 cm wider than the right, so the gondola is always in a slightly inclined state. Eight types of wood are used to make it, it is assembled from 280 individual parts and has a flat bottom. Gondolas are made by local craftsmen. This is rare manual labor. The cost of one gondola is 30 thousand dollars, production time is 3 years. Gondolas were first mentioned in official documents in 1094. Once they had different shapes and colors. The richer the nobleman was, the more luxurious his boat was. But in 1562, Doge issued a decree on the standardization of Venetian boats, due to their exorbitant shapes, which made it difficult for their neighbors to move around. Since then, all gondolas have the same shape and are all painted black. Every day in medieval Venice, at 12 noon, a bell rang to gather workers for their lunch break. Immediately after it, from 12-00 to 12-30, the bell rang, which notified all debtors that they were free to go out for lunch and creditors had no right to pursue them during this period of time. In the Middle Ages, on the opening day of the carnival in the central Piazza San Marco in Venice, a prisoner was allowed to walk along a rope fixed between the Bell Tower and the neighboring palace, who sprinkled rose petals on top. If he reached the end, it was a good year; if he fell, it was a bad year. Subsequently, the prisoner was replaced by an acrobat, and then by an artificial wooden dove, from which flowers fell onto the square. In 2001, the townspeople decided to resume the lost tradition, so at the carnival festival, instead of an artificial dove, an acrobat dressed in an Angel costume walks along a tightrope. The motto of the First World's Fair of 1851 in London was: Let all nations work together for the great cause of improving mankind. The highlight of the first Expo was the Singer sewing machine. In fact, the first patent for a sewing machine was issued by the British Patent Office back in 1755, and a wooden sewing machine with a hook instead of a needle was patented in 1830 by the French tailor Thimonnier. (He made 80 of these machines and sewed uniforms for the entire French army). Thimonnier's machine sewed fabrics together using a single-thread chain stitch. In 1845, the American Howe patented a lockstitch sewing machine. But the sewing machine became widespread only after the American Singer equipped it with a foot pedal in 1850. Ecumenical Report or Looking into the Future By 1770, the word macaroni had a special meaning in England, meaning perfection and elegance. The slang expression that's macaroni was used to describe something exceptionally good. Even the famous Yankee Doodle song from the American Revolutionary War contains a reference to pasta: Yankee Doodle went to town riding on a pony, Stuck a feather in his cap And called it 'macaroni!' (Yankee Doodle rode into town on a pony Stuck a feather in my hat And he called it pasta!) History of pasta Until recently, it was believed that dogs do not distinguish colors and see the world in black and white. However, recent studies conducted in the USA have shown that dogs have color vision - albeit somewhat different from that of humans. The structure of the eye plays a role here. Cones are responsible for the perception of color, and there are fewer of them in the retina of a dog's eye than in ours. In addition, the human retina contains three types of cones, each of which responds to a different range of color. Some of them are most sensitive to long-wave radiation - red and orange, others - to medium-wave radiation (yellow and green), and still others react to blue, indigo and violet. Dogs do not have red-sensitive cones. Therefore, they do not perceive the difference between yellow-green and orange-red colors - it is similar to how colorblind people see. And what you and I perceive as blue-green may appear white to a dog. But these animals distinguish shades of gray much better than humans. And it’s not just that there are more rods in the retina of a dog’s eye - light-sensitive cells responsible for vision in the twilight. Most likely, their rods themselves are more sensitive than those of humans. This is why dogs have good night vision. Science and life. FROM THE DOG'S POINT OF VIEW The soil of the island of Kimolos in the Aegean Sea consists of a fatty soapy substance that the inhabitants of the island have used as soap since time immemorial. They wash themselves with it and wash their clothes. When it rains, the island is covered in soap foam. In France, near the city of Verdun, there are two towers at a distance of 60 m from each other, and if you stand between them and shout, you can hear the echoes of the word twelve times. Ear of Dionysius - a giant grotto in the rocks near Syracuse really looks like a human ear and is famous for its echo. The rustle of a paper sheet torn at the entrance echoes from the depths of the grotto like a cannon shot. In the mountains of the former Yugoslavia lies Lake Cirknica, where water disappears in summer and winter and returns in spring and autumn. The water leaves and returns with the fish through 400 funnel-shaped holes in the bottom and banks. A lake has been found in Antarctica whose water is 11 times saltier than sea water and can only freeze at a temperature of -50 degrees C. There is an ancient well that predicts the weather on the Ustyurt plateau in Kazakhstan. Before rain, fog or snowfall, it draws in air, and on a fine, dry sunny day, on the contrary, it pushes it out. If at this moment you throw a hat into the well, it will fly back out before reaching the water. In Japan, a husband could divorce his wife if he learned that she was left-handed. In the UAE, only 30 percent of fresh water comes from natural springs or artesian wells. 70 percent of the water is desalinated water. Tunisia is the only Muslim country in which, since the 1960s, abortion has been officially permitted, prostitution has been legalized and brothels have been operating under state control. According to the 1897 census, in the European part of Russia, the life expectancy of men was 27,5 years, the average for Russia was 40 years. In 1540, in the Spanish city of Guimaran, a moth appeared before a judge. The defendant was accused of damaging an extremely valuable tapestry, which was valued at 10 thousand maravedis. After a thorough investigation, the moth was found guilty and sentenced to be beheaded. At the same time, the judge announced that the entire Moth tribe was expelled from the kingdom forever. In 1474, in the Swiss city of Basel, a rooster that laid an egg was accused of witchcraft and burned at the stake along with the egg. In the eastern United States, there is a species of cicada whose larvae spend 17 years underground. One day, all the larvae come to the surface at the same time, turn into adult insects, lay eggs and die after a few weeks. The Kenyan Maasai tribe donated a herd of 11.09.01 sacred cows to the United States as a sign of solidarity over the terrorist attacks of 15/XNUMX/XNUMX. According to the US Embassy in Kenya, the display of solidarity will not be transported to America, but will be sold on the local market. The proceeds will be used to purchase beads from the Maasai tribe, which will take their place in an exhibition dedicated to the victims of the terrorist attacks in New York. Juniper was traditionally used to sterilize maternity rooms by burning its branches. The medicinal and poisonous plant Colchicum blooms in the fall and bears fruit in the spring. At the beginning of the 18th century (under Peter 1), there was an eye tax in Bashkiria, and it was paid depending on color: gray eyes were valued at 8 altyn, and black eyes at 2-3 altyn. The shadow tax has been paid since 1993. in Venice. The tax covers awnings and umbrellas that belong to shops and cafes, and the shadow from which falls on communal property - the land. In 1996, the authorities of the Chinese city of Tianjin introduced a sin tax, according to which cohabitation without a marriage license costs violators 1.000 yuan. The opening of the Golden Gate Bridge in San Francisco took place on May 28, 1937. During the bridge's existence, about 2500 people jumped from it. According to bridge caretakers, all jumps were made from the eastern side, from where the city is visible.
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