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AT LEISURE
To help the erudite. Database on the history, geography, biology, science, technology, sport, culture, traditions of the peoples of the world. According to the materials of the press and the Internet.
Yves Henri Donat Mathieu Saint Laurent was born on August 1, 1936 in Oran (Algeria) into a wealthy French family. His father ran an insurance business, and his great-great-grandfather was a lawyer who signed the marriage contract between Napoleon and Josephine Beauharnais. Career Formula, March 2002 In 1872, the son of an Irish immigrant, Henry Ford, fell off his horse while working on his father's farm near Dibron, Michigan, USA. On that day, he decided to create a vehicle that was more reliable and safer than a horse. Henry's first vehicle was the quadricycle. It was completed by 1896. The four-horsepower engine was mounted on a baby carriage frame. Advertising Industry, April 2002 Rolls-Royce founders Frederick Henry Royce and Charles Stuart Rolls came from different social backgrounds and had different backgrounds and careers. Frederick Royce was the son of a poor miller. He was born in 1864 and started working at the age of 10 selling newspapers. Charles Rolls was an aristocrat by birth. He was born in 1877 to Lord Llengattock. Advertising Industry, May 2002 In 1904, Francois Coty announced the creation of his first perfume. They were called Rosa Jacomino (La Rose Jacqueminot). Alas, Rosa was not successful, which is not surprising, because the new fragrance could easily be lost among many others. And then Coty went on a provocation: he came to a well-known Parisian perfume shop, offered the goods to the seller, and when he refused, he threw the vial on the floor with a crash. Photojournalists and journalists immediately appeared, prudently warned about the action in advance. So spirits and their creator became famous. Advertising Industry, April 2002 In the 1960 Olympic Games in Rome, 75% of all athletes participating in the competition were wearing Adidas shoes. At the 1984 Los Angeles Olympics, representatives from 124 countries out of 140 were fully equipped with Adidas uniforms. Advertising Industry, April 2002 In the Dnieper region, on the black earth, the ancestors of the Eastern Slavs sowed and harvested quite a variety of cereals. And in Novgorod and its environs, bread was almost not grown because of the scarce, marshy lands and the bad climate. In Novgorod they fished, beat the beast, collected honey from wild bees, mushrooms and berries in the forests, and mined salt. Then they exchanged furs, honey and salt for bread and handicrafts. Exchange offices were called among the Eastern Slavs churchyards - from the word to stay, from here came the word guest in the meaning of a merchant. Most of the graveyards were on the banks of the main trade road - the Dnieper. Over time, fairs began to be held on the graveyards. (This word came from the German language: yar - year and markt - trade, since German merchants most often visited Novgorod.) However, fairs were held not once a year, but much more often. As a rule, they opened on Friday, and on this day the merchants took the goods, and with the advent of money, money on parole. From here (one of many versions) comes the proverb Seven Fridays in the week. People's History. Interesting Facts Our delusions Thanks to Vysotsky's popular song, many people think that the famous Captain Cook was eaten in sunny Australia by evil savages. But Vysotsky was wrong. Cook was eaten not by the Australians at all, but by the Hawaiians, and this, as they say in Odessa, is two big differences. The widely known painting by I.E. Repin Ivan the Terrible and his son Ivan depicts a fatal skirmish in the Alexander Sloboda - the tsar's favorite oprichnina residence. In reality, Ivan the Terrible did not put his son in the place with an iron crutch in the head, as V.O. thought. Klyuchevsky. The wounded prince lived for another 10 days and died on November 19, 1581. The author of Morse code is not Morse at all. American inventor Samuel Morse in 1837-1844 created one of the first successful telegraph machines. However, the alphabet he proposed turned out to be very inconvenient and was not used in practice. And that telegraph code, which is known to the whole world under the name Morse code, was created by a team of Austrian and German engineers in the middle of the last century. We used to call Yaroslav the Wise a prince. However, he had a different title - khan (kagan). And the Kiev state during the years of his reign was called the Kyiv Khaganate. So called his contemporaries, including the head of the Russian Orthodox Church, Metropolitan Hilarion. If you ask someone about what Albert Einstein received the Nobel Prize for, then most likely they will answer that for the creation of the theory of relativity. In fact, the Nobel Committee awarded him a prize for discovering the laws of the photoelectric effect. Most of us think that dew falls in the morning, it is even called morning dew. In fact, dew falls in the evening. All night it lies on the grass and does not immediately evaporate in the early morning. Many Russian historians and philosophers (in particular, Chaadaev, Berdyaev, and others) wrote that the history of Rus' is a continuous catastrophe, that it is thickly mixed with blood. However, the history of Europe, the Near, Far and Middle East was no less, if not more catastrophic and bloody. For example, in China, two-thirds, three-quarters, and even (occasionally) nine-tenths of the population were destroyed during ethnic upheavals. In our view, the leader of the pack (herd) always keeps ahead. But in reality this is not so. In dangerous places, the weaker animal is in front of the herd, while the leader stays in the middle. And only when the enemy attacks, the leader is the first to rush into battle, and the herd at this time tries to hide in a safe place. There is an opinion that in the army, soldiers are mixed with bromine in food to reduce sexual desire. However, this is nothing more than a myth. First, how much bromine is needed? And secondly, something is not noticeable that the soldiers have less sexual desire compared to their peers who do not serve in the army. Thirdly, there is no data, both official and unofficial, about this. Ancient Rome Roman soldiers before 100 BC e. did not receive a salary, but were interested in military service, both for patriotic reasons and for material considerations, since they were allocated land plots. Part of the conquered territory, allotted for the soldiers of the army, was divided into numerous square pieces of land, called - sorte. The soldiers played out the location of their land. Thus, there were no disputes and clashes over the best sites. Each Roman warrior had a large satchel, where, in addition to weapons, there were construction tools and a monthly supply of food, which consisted of: 1 kilogram of grain, special metal grills for frying meat, olive oil and a limited supply of water. The total weight of the knapsack was about 40 kg, so the army moved rather slowly. The famous gladiator fights were adopted by the Romans from the Greeks and Egyptians and took on the religious character of the sacrifice to the god of war Mars. In the beginning, gladiators were prisoners of war and those sentenced to death. The laws of ancient Rome allowed them to participate in gladiator fights. In case of victory (with the money received), it was possible to redeem one's life. There were cases when citizens, having abandoned their freedom, joined the gladiators in pursuit of fame and money. There were even women among them when, in 63 CE, er. Emperor Nero issues a decree allowing free women to participate in gladiatorial tournaments. After him, Pozzuoli allows Ethiopian women to fight. And the emperor Domitiano in 89 brings dwarf gladiators to the arena. In order to become gladiators, it was necessary to take an oath and declare oneself legally dead. From that moment on, the fighters entered another world, where cruel laws of honor reigned. The first of these was silence. Gladiators communicated in the arena with gestures. The second law is the complete observance of the rules of honor. So, for example, a gladiator who fell to the ground and was conscious of his complete defeat was obliged to remove his protective helmet and put his throat under the opponent's sword or plunge his knife into his own throat. Outside the amphitheater, the life of the gladiators was like that of modern athletes. They had to follow a strict diet and exercise. They lived in special barracks. They ate a high-calorie mixture consisting of cereals. But for dinner before the battle, they could eat whatever they wanted, including the sorority. Many gladiators earned extra money by serving as bodyguards for noblemen, or participated in festive duels, where death was forbidden. Religious memorial services were held for the dead gladiators and their blood was collected, as it was considered sacred. It was given to drink by patients with epilepsy, as the ancient Romans believed in its healing qualities. There were a variety of beliefs associated with the death of gladiators. So, for example, rich brides during the wedding ceremony stuck hairpins moistened with the blood of a murdered gladiator into their hair. It was believed that this accompanies a happy family life, like throwing rice at the newlyweds today. The Roman Colosseum, the largest stadium in the ancient world, was built in the 8st century AD. in just 100 years. On this occasion, they arranged a holiday that lasted exactly 5 days. During that period of time, XNUMX thousand predators brought from North Africa and hundreds of gladiators were killed in the arena of the Colosseum. The four main entrances of the Colosseum made it possible to make a quick passage to the arena, and through 80 arches in just 10 minutes it was possible to reach the numbered visual places. Often the audience spent several days here in a row, so they brought food from home with them. The total average capacity of the Colosseum was about 50 thousand people, but up to 68 thousand could enter. But it should also be noted that there were no toilets with all the ensuing circumstances. Entrance to the Colosseum was free. Before entering the stadium, flour for baking bread was distributed free of charge. At the very top of the Colosseum sat the slaves operating the elevators. In total, the Colosseum had 36 elevators. And even higher than the slaves were the sailors of the imperial navy. What were they doing there? They operated a huge linen canvas that covered the Colosseum from above in such a way that the arena remained always open. For this, a complex structure was built here, consisting of 240 pillars, supporting a giant matter. In Rome, next to Trajan's Column, there was a large semicircular market - a 6-story supermarket from the 110s. n. e. At the very entrance there were 150 shops that distributed free flour for baking bread. On the upper floors they sold olive oil, wine, vegetables and fruits. All kinds of spices were sold on the fourth floor. The fifth floor of the market housed the Roman militia and charitable organizations of the time. And on the sixth - two large pools were installed, one with fresh water, the other with sea water, where live fish swam. And next to the Forum of Julius Caesar in Rome was a public toilet with 50 seats. Sewer channels were laid below. At that time, of course, they did not have toilet paper and noble Roman nobles used soft feathers and fluff instead, torn from live birds, which were specially kept there for this purpose. In ancient Rome, children at birth descended to the ground, and then the father (if the newborn was recognized) raised him high to the sky if it was a boy or gave it to his mother if it was a girl. If the father did not recognize the child, he gave a sign to the midwife, and she cut the umbilical cord above the required place, which led to bleeding and death of the newborn. Sometimes such a child was put outside the gates of the house or simply drowned in the river. Because of the very high infant mortality, Roman society got used to it, and children (like the poor) were usually buried at night in a public cemetery without any ceremony. Children who died before the age of three were buried under the foundation of the parental home and were not mourned. In ancient Rome, salted fish paste and olive oil were often added to sauces, which covered meat dishes. These strange combinations are explained by the fact that Roman cooks masked the taste of food slightly spoiled in a warm climate with them. One of these famous sauces was garum, which was obtained in the following way. Fish entrails were placed in a clay pot, olive oil, vinegar and salt were added and then left in the sun for 2-3 months, stirring occasionally. Then the resulting mixture was filtered and its liquid part, considered the best, was garum, which was added to almost all dishes. The remaining gruel was used as a second-rate product. The best was considered garum prepared in Spain, which the Romans bought in large quantities, bringing it on ships in special amphorae, each of which had a manufacturer's mark and production date. This liquid was highly valued and was equal in price to the most expensive perfumes and incense. Based on materials from the RIM website (ciaocacao.it/roma.htm) The prototype of Chatsky was Pestel, and Famusova was Kutuzov. The right arm of the famous Statue of Liberty in New York crossed the Atlantic Ocean three times. As you know, this huge statue is a gift from France. The first hand with a torch was brought to America in 1876 for the exhibition, which was fundraising for a pedestal to the statue. In 1882, the hand was returned to Paris, where it was attached to the rest of the figure and taken back to New York. There are almost 17 million kangaroos in Australia. This is two million more than the population of the continent. A 400 children's book, The Radium Book, sold for $1905 at an auction in the United States. The pictures in it were printed with luminous paint with radium salts, so that they glowed in the dark. The danger of radiation exposure was not known then. How many illnesses this edition caused in its readers, now no one can say. The radium decayed long ago, and the book no longer glows. Another such copy is preserved only in the main library of the United States. Shostakovich wrote: When Mayakovsky and I met during Klop's rehearsal, he extended two fingers to me. Without thinking twice, I extended one finger to him. Mayakovsky was a little embarrassed. He was used to getting away with his shamelessness, and then some boy decided to compete with him. In general, I can, perhaps, say that Mayakovsky clearly concentrated features that I cannot stand: arrogance, posturing, self-promotion, a passion for luxury and, above all, disregard for the weak and servility to the strong. Great wonders. Byron went into an extreme degree of irritation at the sight of a salt shaker with salt. Dickens washed down every 50 lines of writing with a sip of hot water. Brahms unnecessarily cleaned shoes, believing that this contributes to inspiration. Ampère bred carps so as not to warm the surrounding space at his own expense. Newton once boiled a pocket watch while holding an egg and looking at it. Beethoven went constantly unshaven, believing that shaving hinders creative inspiration. Einstein played the violin relatively well. Franklin, sitting down to work, stocked up on a huge amount of cheese. Voltaire drank up to 50 cups of coffee a day. Goethe worked only in a hermetically sealed room, without the slightest access to fresh air. newspaper Belarusian tractor builder No 55 (8984), May 11, 2002 Jingoism (English jingoism, from jingo - jingo, the nickname of English chauvinists, from by jingo - I swear to God), a term used to denote extreme chauvinistic and imperialist views. It came into use in Great Britain during the Russian-Turkish war of 1877-78, when, after sending an English squadron to Turkish waters to counter the advance of Russian troops, chauvinistic sentiments sharply intensified in the country. The expression bai jingo served as the refrain of a warlike song that was fashionable at that time. D. is characterized by propaganda of colonial expansion and incitement of national enmity. Great Soviet Encyclopedia
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