Enameling of iron utensils and sheet iron. simple recipes

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FACTORY TECHNOLOGIES AT HOME - SIMPLE RECIPES
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Enameling of iron utensils and sheet iron. Simple recipes and tips

Factory technologies - simple recipes

Directory / Factory technology at home - simple recipes

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Here is the recipe enameling of iron utensils and sheet metal.

The dishes are thoroughly cleaned with a solution of sulfuric acid, rinsed with clean water and cleaned with fine sand. After cleaning with a soft brush, a solution of 15% gum arabic in 100 g of water is applied to the enamel surface. Gum arabic is used to hold enamel powder on the surface. The powder is applied evenly over the entire surface and the dishes are dried at 100 °C.

When the dishes are dried, with a light blow of the hand, the excess powder is discarded and carefully examined - is there any place left that would not be covered with powder; in case such a place is found, it is necessary to cover these places again with gum arabic and powder.

Enamel is obtained by fusing 65 kg of finely ground flint glass, 10 kg of soda ash and 6 kg of boric acid. The resulting mass is cooled and turned into a fine powder.

This enamel is vitreous, transparent and firmly adheres even to sheet metal. Usually used for enameling several layers of enamel of different thicknesses. The layer in direct contact with iron (ground) is obtained by fusing 15 kg of finely ground feldspar, 12,5 kg of borax. This mass is cooled, crushed and 5 kg of clay, 3 kg of feldspar and 0,8 kg of coal-magnesium salt are added to it.

This soil mass is mixed with water and applied to enameled objects. After firing and cooling, a finely divided powder is applied to it, obtained by grinding a fused mixture of 19 kg of quartz flour, 14 kg of borax, 25 kg of tin oxide, 7,8 kg of soda and 5 kg of saltpeter.

Author: Korolev V.A.

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A paper battery is activated by a couple of drops of water. 06.08.2022

A team of Swiss scientists has developed an environmentally friendly and fully biodegradable low-power battery for wearable electronics and sensors. The battery starts working after applying a couple of drops of water to its surface.

A prototype of a pair of such elements powered an electronic clock for more than an hour. It is expected that such elements will minimize the environmental damage caused by the growing flow of smart electronics.

The prototype of the battery is a strip of plain paper coated with common table salt on its surface. A layer of graphite flakes has been added to one side of the paper - this is done using a specially made paint. Thus, the battery receives a cathode. An anode in the form of a layer of a mixture of graphite and zinc is applied to the reverse side of the paper. To start the redox reactions in the battery, which will lead to the generation of electric current, it is enough to put a couple of drops of ordinary water on it.

Water dissolves salt and creates ionic conductivity in the paper layer of the battery. In fact, this is equivalent to pouring electrolyte into a battery. The zinc oxidation reaction begins in the anode, which releases electrons. If a load is connected to the contacts of the battery, the electrons will run along the wires to the cathode, where a reduction reaction will begin with the capture of oxygen from the air. This starts a cycle of redox reactions, generating current as long as there is zinc left in the anode to support the reactions, or until the water dries up.

Researchers at the Swiss Federal Laboratory for Materials Science and Technology (EMPA) conducted a proof-of-concept by fabricating two elements in the proposed way and connecting them in series to increase the voltage. From two drops of water, the element fed the electronic alarm clock for about an hour. A single cell activated 20 seconds after applying water to it and showed a stable voltage of 1,2 V for an hour without load.

When the battery dried out, the scientists added a couple more drops and extended the battery life for another hour or more, although after reactivation, the open circuit voltage was only 0,5 V.

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