The main processes of saponification and the properties of soap. simple recipes

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FACTORY TECHNOLOGIES AT HOME - SIMPLE RECIPES
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The main processes of saponification and the properties of soap. Simple recipes and tips

Factory technologies - simple recipes

Directory / Factory technology at home - simple recipes

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Soap usually obtained by the action of caustic alkali solutions on fats. Fats consist mainly of glycerides of stearic, palmitic and oleic acids. Under the action of alkalis, fats break down into glycerol and fatty acid, which together with alkali gives salt. A mixture of these salts (sodium salts of palmitic, oleic and stearic acids) is an ordinary solid soap. The more palmitic and stearic acids in the fats, the harder the soap is. With the predominance of oleic acid in fats, soaps are less solid.

The type of alkali also affects the hardness of soap: sodium soaps (when saponified with caustic soda) are hard and permanent in air; potassium (when saponified with caustic potash) - soft and hygroscopic.

To obtain soaps, there is no need to start from fats - fatty acids can also be used. In this case, the fatty acid gives soap with soda or potash. This so-called "carbonate" saponification is usually carried out using steam, which helps to remove the carbon dioxide released during this process.

Recently, a method for producing soaps according to the patented method of Krebitz (1923) has been used. According to this method, soap is obtained by saponifying fat with caustic lime. It turns out lime soap, which differs from ordinary soda soap in its insolubility in water. The resulting lime soap is thoroughly washed in water to remove the glycerin resulting from the saponification process and then treated in a special way with a soda solution, whereby sodium soap is obtained and carbon-calcium salt precipitates. The soap obtained by this method does not contain the slightest trace of neutral fats and therefore does not deteriorate at all during storage.

Properly prepared soap should not contain excess alkali, as alkali is corrosive to the skin and tissues. The content of unsaponified fats in soap makes the soap easily spoiled and capable of rotting. Thus, an indispensable condition for a good soap is its complete neutrality.

Ordinary soaps are readily soluble in water. In hard water, soaps give an insoluble precipitate of calcium soap. Soaps dissolve less well in salt water. Soaps do not dissolve in a 7% sodium chloride solution. This is used to "salt out" the soap, i.e. to separate it from the solution (an exception is soap made from coconut oil). Soap can also be salted out with strong solutions of caustic alkalis.

Author: Korolev V.A.

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