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WONDERS OF NATURE
Yosemite. Nature miracle
Yosemite National Park is located in the Sierra Nevada mountains in central California, east of San Francisco. This is the first protected landscape in the US. In 1864, President Lincoln signed the Yosemite Valley Act into law, under which the state of California received for "public use, recreation and recreation" a grove of large trees. Then, for the first time in the United States, a piece of land owned by the state was declared a territory whose natural resources had no exploitation value (by the way, America's first protected area was established even earlier - a protected grove of giant sequoia in California).
From time immemorial, Yosemite Valley was inhabited by the Avanichi Indians. They hunted here and fished in the wild rivers Tuolume, Merced, Yosemite Creek. In 1851, Major James Savage's cavalry squadron penetrated here, which was supposed to "concentrate all the savages in the paddock, and then lead them to the reservation in an organized manner." Then he failed. But after a few years, the Indians were nevertheless expelled from their inhabited places, white farmers occupied these lands with arable land and pastures. From the time of the "reign" of the Redskins, only the name of this region remained - Yosemite, but it is also inaccurate: in the Avanichi language, the gray grizzly bear, the patron of their tribe, was called "Isimati". Back in the 60s of the XIX century, the California authorities proclaimed the central part of the valley (about 100 sq. Km) the park of this state, the first "regular" park in all the North American United States. In 1890, the federal government declared Yosemite Creek Valley, on the western slope of the Sierra Nevada, a national park. And after 16 years, the entire array with an area of about 3100 square meters. km was merged into a single Yosemite National Park - the third in the country. To create a national park in the United States, you need to get permission from Congress, which is almost tantamount to passing a new law. There are several forms of protected areas. There is a nature reserve and reserves - refuges for migratory birds and nesting places for birds, as well as habitats for rare animals. They are created for scientific and educational work. The national park is an open-air museum. It carefully protects not only minerals, forests and wildlife, but also "curiosities or wonders of nature." However, the reserve, unlike reserves, is open to visitors. In March 1872, the US Congress passed legislation establishing the world's first Yellowstone National Park. This law was the first to formulate the concept of a protected area of this type. A national park can be created on a relatively large area of land and water, and must be distinguished by the beauty of natural nature so that people can admire it. It should be equipped with places for camps, picnics, trails for walking and horseback riding, viewing platforms. In addition, before establishing a park, one has to buy a piece of land from a private owner. Sometimes islands of land remain in the park, which have their own owners, free to do whatever they please. The purchase of such a private plot costs the state a pretty penny. In this regard, the famous Yosemite Valley is no exception. In 1956, patches of private land in a 64-hectare park could be bought for $20. But the process of buying and selling land was delayed due to some reason. After 12 years, the owner has already requested 800 thousand dollars for his property. The park is famous for its picturesque 11-kilometer valley (800-1600 m wide, up to 1500 m deep), once cut by a powerful glacier. The park is located at an altitude of 600 - about 4000 m (the highest point - 3990 m) above sea level. Among the many sights of the valley, huge granite monoliths with sheer walls stand out. Peaks attract attention: Half Dome (Half Dome) with a steep wall, El Capitan - a granite cliff, soaring up to 1098 m above the valley, Mount Sentry and North Dome. There is a cascade of waterfalls on the river of the national park (the total height of the water fall is 727 m). There is the highest waterfall in North America - Upper Yosemite (height 436 m). At the entrance to the valley, you can see the waterfall Bridalvale (Bride's veil) on the right. It carries its waters from a tall granite mountain (its height is 189 m). Nearby are ice-covered granite mountain peaks. On the Merced River, Vernel and Nevada Falls are notable. The melted glacier left here a layer of fertile sediments 700 m thick. This is how the wide Yosemite meadows and plains, Lakes Tuin, or Twins, Eleanor, Benson and Rogers, May and Merced were formed. By the way, here you can see the artificial, unique in its beauty, the Hetch-Hatchy reservoir. “There is also a small “desert” in Yosemite,” notes B. Silkin. “This is an arid high-altitude valley of Pate, falling eight hundred meters in the direction south of Lake Benson. the trail to the great canyon of Tuolume, to the thundering waterfalls of Waterwall and Le Conte in the Muir Gorge, overgrown with sprawling oaks, slender pines and cedars. Once upon a time, long before the Avanichi, an unknown Indian tribe lived here. On the bare rocks of the Pate Valley they left for posterity scenes of hunting and chase drawn by an unknown hand. Nearby, among a heap of stones or in thickets of bearberry, a sharp eye will notice transparent fragments of volcanic glass - obsidian, from which the Indians carved arrowheads, knives and scrapers. The Scottish writer and naturalist John Muir, who lived in these places in a hut built with his own hands, wrote about Yosemite: “Climb the mountains and listen to their good news. And the peace of nature will pierce you, as sunlight will pierce the green of trees. freshness, and thunderstorms their strength, and all worries will fall from you like autumn leaves. In Yosemite, the vegetation of five biogeographic regions of the continent is represented (and there are only seven of them). Coniferous forests grow here (pines and cedars can be seen in them), there are three sequoia groves. Individual trees reach a height of 94 m and have a trunk diameter of 10 m. The age of the giants is 5000 years. There are oak trees. Evergreen shrubs with tough foliage grow at the foot of the mountains. Alpine meadows are located on the slopes of the mountains. There are 1400 species of wild flowers growing in the park. However, according to botanists, about a quarter of all the species of grasses, flowers and trees growing in the valley appeared in the park along with people. Animals of various zoogeographical regions live in the national park. Approximately 90 percent of the park to this day remain untouched by man. This is another Yosemite, roadless, almost unknown to the mass visitor. About 80 species of mammals are found here (baribal bear, black-tailed deer, coyote, squirrel, chipmunk, etc.). There are 200 species of birds alone (Steller's jay, Clark's walnut, etc.). Grizzlies once lived here, and encounters with these bears are dangerous. But now the grizzlies are no longer in the park. True, other bears with short black hair - baribals - are also sometimes dangerous. Left almost without natural enemies, deer multiplied in incredible numbers. Three species of them are found in the park - the Colombian black-tailed, Californian and Rocky Mountain deer. So that they do not pose a threat to the vegetation, it was decided to annually carry out controlled shooting of animals. Trout is found in the lakes of the park, and its sport fishing is allowed here. For anglers, maps and lists of trout lakes are issued (there are 158 in total). The beautiful landscape attracts millions of tourists to Yosemite National Park. On a holiday in the famous valley, the density of vacationers is three times the density of the population in Los Angeles County: here, in an eight-mile space, up to 50-70 thousand people gather per day. There are more than 2 visitors a year. No other national park can boast of such popularity. This became possible due to the proximity of the park to the largest California agglomerations. You can relax in the park all year round: skiing, mountaineering or rock climbing, spinning trout, riding a snowmobile, playing golf, swimming in the pool. And you can live at will both in a tent and in a trailer caravan or even in a hotel. A first-class one-way freeway, the Yosemite Loop, has been built here; it is forbidden to use individual vehicles in the central part of the valley. From the bus offered by the administration of the park, you can admire nature as much as you like. There are special paths for cyclists. If necessary, visitors to the park can call an ambulance helicopter. Yosemite Village and Curry Village are located on the banks of the Merced River and have about 1200 permanent residents. There is a hospital and even a small prison (the most common type of crime in the park is petty theft). In recent years, Yosemite has been trying to create a more even recreational load. During "peak" months, arrival is guaranteed only to those who have made a preliminary application. Commercial enterprises, garages, shops are withdrawn from the territory of the park; various congresses and symposiums are prohibited here. Author: Yudina N.A.
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