Since when did caffeine enter our food? Detailed answer

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Since when did caffeine enter our food? Detailed answer

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Since when did caffeine enter our food?

Black tea began to be drunk in China around 2700 BC. e. There he became the main national drink and still continues to be so. Coffee was introduced to Ethiopia around 850 AD. e. According to some reports, cocoa fruits began to be consumed in Central America in 1100-1200. BC e.

Author: Mendeleev V.A.

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Sodium-ion batteries 22.03.2021

Today, lithium-ion batteries dominate the market for efficient energy storage systems, but the latest sodium-ion batteries are already poised to replace them in data centers, telecommunications, and home and energy backup systems.

Sodium-ion batteries promise to be cheaper, safer and more environmentally friendly than lithium-ion. They do not contain metals and substances hazardous to human health either in the cathodes or in the electrolyte, and the reserves of sodium in the earth's crust are thousands of times greater than those of lithium. The only thing in which sodium-ion batteries are inferior to lithium ones is about half the specific energy storage density.

So, if commercial lithium-containing batteries can store an average of 285 Wh / kg, then promising sodium-ion batteries promise up to 140 Wh / kg. But this only means that sodium-ion batteries are unprofitable in small devices such as smartphones, while this is not critical for backup power supplies. For large systems, it is important that the cost of sodium-ion batteries will be 10-20% less than lithium-ion, and over time this difference will only increase.

Prototypes of new sodium ion cells can achieve energy densities in excess of 140 Wh/kg. At the same time, a number of studies are underway that promise to bring the capacity of sodium-ion batteries closer to 200 Wh / kg, but this will be the next stage in the development of such battery cells.

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