Precipitation. Tourist tips

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Precipitation. Tourist tips

Tourist tips

The condensate of atmospheric water vapor that falls from clouds or forms on the surface of the earth and terrestrial objects is called atmospheric precipitation, which can be liquid (rain, drizzle, on the ground - dew.) And solid (snow, snow pellets, hail, on the ground - frost, drizzle, ice).

Precipitation may be of the following types:

Stormwater - sudden and fleeting showers of rain, snow, grains, or hail from cumulonimbus clouds, usually in spring or summer.

By taxable - prolonged and uniform rain or snow falling from altostratus or nimbostratus clouds in cloudy weather and over a large area; in temperate latitudes prevail in autumn and winter.

drizzling (drizzle) tiny droplets of water that do not leave a mark on the water; fall out of low stratus clouds or thick fog; most often in autumn.

The accumulation of microscopic water droplets in the lower atmosphere, in which the horizontal visibility is kilometers, is called fog. Fogs form at high relative (about 100%) humidity and in the presence of condensation nuclei in the air.

Fogs are divided into:

Radiationarising over land in the early morning hours due to heat loss by the underlying surface. As daytime temperatures rise, they quickly dissipate. For navigators, such fogs, lying low above the ground (ground), are dangerous because, appearing on the coast, they can cover the floating and coastal signs of the navigational fence. In this case, only the upper parts of buildings, lighthouses, and other coastal structures can be seen. Over the sea, radiation fogs appear only at high latitudes at high relative humidity.

advective (advection-transfer) formed on water when warm, moist air moves over a cooled surface. Dense and resistant to winds up to 10 m/s. Moving with the wind, they cover large areas. Visibility in advective fogs can be from several tens of meters to several meters. Having a high altitude, such fog complicates navigation, closing not only oncoming ships, but also lighthouses.

Advective fogs of soaring, low up to several meters, swirling fogs that occur when cold air moves over the warm surface of the sea. They occur when cold masses of Arctic air invade non-freezing seas during the cold season. A type of fog is foggy haze, visibility at which is 0.5-5 miles.

In addition to precipitation and fog, visibility deterioration can be affected by dry haze - mechanical turbidity of the atmosphere, which occurs in the sea near the coast when passing by large industrial cities. Haze consists of smoke from factory chimneys, condensation in the air of various elusive dust particles, exhaust from motor vehicles

A mixture of fog and haze is called smog. I hope that you will not have to face the last state of the atmosphere, otherwise I strongly advise you to carefully look around. Maybe the subway is nearby.

Meteorological visibility scale (for summer navigation)

Visibility	Characterization visibility	Terms visibility	Points
Up to 1/4 cab. Up to 1 cab. Up to 2-3 cab.	Very bad	Very heavy fog heavy fog moderate fog	0 1 2
About 0.5 miles 0t 0,5 to 1 mile	Bad	Weak fog Very heavy rain, moderate haze or mist	3 4
1-2 miles 2-5 miles	average	Heavy rain, light haze or mist moderate rain	5 6
5-11 miles	Good	light rain	7
11-27 miles	Very good	No precipitation	8
Over 27 miles	Excellent	Completely clean air	9

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The temperature on Mars rises during the day and at midnight 21.06.2013

Scientists believe clouds of ice and water vapor hold the key to Martian thermal fluctuations.
NASA researchers from Pasadena, California, studying the Red Planet with the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter, have found that the temperature of Mars's atmosphere regularly rises and falls not once, but twice a day.

"We noticed that the maximum temperature is not only in the middle of the day, which is natural and logical, but it also rises after midnight," said Armin Kleinboil of NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California. Kleinboil is the lead author of a report on the new research that led to these conclusions. Temperature fluctuations occur within about 30 degrees Celsius. Planetary scientists have explored the entire temperature range of day and night across Mars. As a result of observations using the Mars Climate Sounder instrument, it was found that this pattern is dominant on a global scale and is observed all year round. A report on these studies is published in the journal Geophysical Research Letters.

Global changes in wind direction, fluctuations in temperature and pressure are repeated from day to day and are called atmospheric tides. Unlike terrestrial sea tides, they are driven by temperature differences between day and night. On Earth, there are also atmospheric tides, but they are not so noticeable with us due to the small temperature difference in the lower layers of the atmosphere. On Mars, which has an atmosphere of only about one percent of Earth's, they control short-term changes in temperature across the planet. Temperature peaks that occur once a day are called "diurnal", and twice a day "semidiurnal".

The semidiurnal cycle on Mars was first recorded back in the 70s of the last century. But then it was considered that it was caused by dusty seasons, when strong winds begin to blow during the first summer months, which raise millions of tons of brown-red dust hundreds of meters up. “We were surprised to find these significant twice-daily temperature fluctuations during dust-free periods,” Kleinboil said. “While the diurnal temperature spike on Mars has been known for many decades, the discovery of a regular semi-diurnal nighttime maximum without any major dust storms was quite suddenly".

The scientist and four of his co-authors managed to find the answer - the whole thing turned out to be in the Martian water-ice clouds, which are abundant in the atmosphere during most of the year. They are mainly observed in the equatorial region at altitudes of 10 to 30 kilometers, due to the absorption of infrared light emitted by the Martian surface during the daytime. These are fairly transparent clouds, similar to thin cirrus clouds on Earth. However, the heat accumulated in these clouds is enough to warm the atmosphere every day.

"We think of Mars as a cold, dry world with very little water. But there is actually more water vapor in the atmosphere of Mars than in Earth's upper atmosphere," Kleinboil said. "Now we know we need to take a closer look at water-ice clouds, if we want to understand how the Martian atmosphere works."

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