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City It is a large frozen drop that falls during severe thunderstorms where snow and rain can coexist in a central airflow. As the snowflakes fall, the liquid water droplets freeze to form ice balls that will increase in number as the number of droplets increases. Upon reaching the bottom of the cloud, some of the ice balls are returned by ascending air currents to the top of the thundercloud.

Since the ice balls are again falling through the cloud, it is natural to assume. that they will increase in size a little. Therefore, the stronger the air flow, the more times the hailstones repeat this cycle, the larger and heavier they will be. When the hailstones become too heavy to be held by air currents, they fall to the ground as precipitation. When the hailstones reach the ground, they are ice floes, because the air temperature is not enough for them to melt before reaching the ground.

The type, structure and size of hailstones are extremely diverse. Hail is spherical or irregularly shaped ice particles (hailstones) ranging in size from a millimeter to several centimeters. There are hailstones measuring 130 mm and weighing about 1 kg. Hailstones consist of a series of layers of transparent ice at least 1 mm thick, alternating with translucent layers. In meteorology, hail is distinguished from snow pellets - ice opaque white grains, ranging in size from 2 to 5 mm, fragile and easily crushed. Also known are precipitation such as freezing rain, which should not be confused with hail.

Hail falls, as a rule, in the warm season from powerful cumulonimbus clouds, strongly developed upwards, usually during showers and thunderstorms. The hail layer is sometimes several centimeters thick. Duration of loss: from several minutes to half an hour, most often 5-10 minutes, and very rarely - about 1 hour or more. Most of the hail falls during the summer and during the day. Hail at night is a very rare occurrence.

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British scientists have managed to obtain a broad-spectrum antibiotic from a potato bacterium.

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Previously, microbiologists have already found that the bacterium D. solani has the ability to secrete an antibiotic, but another one is oocidin A. It has a high activity against many fungal infections in plants.

It turned out that the bacterium can secrete another antibiotic - solanimicin. Scientists got it when they inhibited the genes responsible for the production of oocin A. Despite this inhibition, D. solani continued to retain antifungal activity.

The researchers asked why this was so and learned about the bacterium's "backup" defense. In addition to isolating the antibiotic itself, the authors of the work identified a cluster of genes encoding the proteins that make up the compound.

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