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Vacuum particle-antiparticle pair

18.02.2022

For the first time in history, scientists from the University of Manchester have made direct experimental observations of the so-called Schwinger effect, a subtle effect that can only occur in the region of high-energy cosmic events such as supernova explosions, neutron star collisions and black holes. By applying very high potential electric currents to specially designed graphene devices, scientists have been able to create particle-antiparticle pairs from literally nothing, from a deep vacuum.

According to existing theories, vacuum is a completely empty space, in which there is no matter and even elementary particles. However, 70 years ago, Nobel laureate Julian Schwinger predicted that the strongest electric and magnetic fields could break the basis of the vacuum (space-time continuum), leading to the spontaneous appearance of particle-antiparticle pairs, the so-called Schwinger pairs.

Such an effect requires the participation of forces on truly cosmological scales - magnetic fields comparable in strength to the fields of magnetars, or electric potentials arising from collisions of high-energy compact space objects. The study of such processes and phenomena is one of the main directions in modern physics, and for the implementation of such studies, the construction of new high-energy collider installations is already planned.

However, a research team from Manchester, led by fellow Nobel laureate Professor Sir Andrew Game, has used graphene to produce positron-electron pairs using the Schwinger effect.

Scientists have made a number of devices from graphene, such as narrow junctions and superlattices, with which the strongest electric fields have been generated within a fairly simple setup that fits on a typical desktop. And scientists were able to clearly observe the appearance of pairs of electrons and electron holes, which are a kind of solid analog of the positron. At the same time, all the characteristics of the process of production of particles and antiparticles were fully consistent with the existing theoretical predictions.

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