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PERSONAL TRANSPORT: GROUND, WATER, AIR
Snowmobile. Personal transport
Directory / Personal transport: land, water, air The beginning of this century gave mankind many inventions. Stunned by the gigantic pace of technological progress, people had not yet had time to get used to the newfangled term "car", when an even newer one - "airplane" fell upon them. And as soon as they got used to, for example, the word "telephone", they had to urgently master the concept of "wireless telegraph". 1904 was the date of birth of another device, which later became very widespread. It was about him in 1905 that the magazine "Aeronaut" reported, calling it "a sleigh with an air bandage for moving through the snow." The author of the design, engineer S. S. Nezhdanovsky, was also mentioned.
The new vehicle was a light sled, which was equipped with an internal combustion engine with an aerodynamic propeller - a propeller. Already in 1907, at the Moscow factory "Dux", a "ski car" by Yu. A. Meller, designed by him together with engineer A. D. Dokuchaev, was built and tested. And a year later, this car received a completely modern name - snowmobile, another term came into use. It should be noted that the invention of Russian engineers was invaluable for Russia with its grandiose spaces, on which the snow cover sometimes stays for many months. A number of remote regions of the North could only make such mechanical transport available. The appearance of snowmobiles aroused great interest: over the next 5 years alone, more than a dozen varieties of such machines were created in Russia. The appearance of the first serial vehicles can be attributed to 1912, when the construction of a batch of transport sledges commissioned by the Ministry of War began at the Russian-Baltic Plant. By that time, snowmobiles were also noticed abroad: in France, Austria, Germany and other countries. And when the First World War broke out, snowmobiles were used at the front. Already in the winter of 1914/15, they were used for reconnaissance, communications and other operational tasks of the command. Such machines also operated in the German army. The commander of the German troops, General Hindenburg, clearly understood that in Russia, with its very poorly developed road network, "snow cars" could provide invaluable assistance to the troops. That is why, even in the prewar years, the general closely followed the work in this area, participated in the testing and acceptance of snowmobiles.
The participation of snowmobiles of both armies in the hostilities was so successful that in the middle of 1915 the All-Russian Zemstvo Union (VZS), which was in charge of supplying the army, was instructed to launch the production of transport snowmobiles for the needs of the front. By winter, in the automotive department of the VZS, which was headed by Professor N. R. Brilling, with the participation of the engineers of this department, A. S. Kuzin and A. A. Arkhangelsky, a batch of 24 snowmobiles was developed, and then in the workshops of the VZS. Some of them were armed with machine guns, the rest were intended for transporting the wounded. The use of vehicles at the front showed that they can successfully support combat operations, carry out operational communications, transport ammunition and other transport tasks. After the Great October Socialist Revolution, during the years of the Civil War, several snowmobiles built in the Automobile Department of the VZS were used by the Red Army. The snowmobiles were also in service with the interventionists: in the Far East - with the Japanese, in the North - with the British. The Kolchakites also used the snowmobile in Siberia. In the winter of 1918/19, with the growing difficulties in railway transport, the need for the Red Army in all-terrain vehicles became especially tangible. One of the most successful projects was proposed by engineer A.S. Kuzin. To give an opinion on this machine, a commission was organized consisting of N. E. Zhukovsky, V. P. Vetchinkin, V. S. Stechkin and A. N. Tupolev. At the same time, to carry out scientific work and to create new types of snowmobiles, at the suggestion of Zhukovsky, the Commission for the Construction of Snowmobiles (KOMPAS) was created. And already in September 1919, the development of ten snowmobiles began. At the beginning of 1920, the construction of the Be-Ka series of snowmobiles, designed by Brilling and Kuzin, began. Some of these vehicles ended up at the front and participated in the hostilities, three sledges were used in the liquidation of the Kronstadt rebellion. Armed with machine guns, they were in the ranks of the attackers during the assault on the fortress, supported the advancing units of the Red Army with fire, and diverted the fire of the fortress batteries. After the end of the civil war, work on the construction of snowmobiles continued. Until 1939, the NAMI and TsAGI institutes created more than twenty designs. In 1932, several options were developed by the Department of the construction of gliders and snowmobiles (OSGA). In 1934, this organization was transformed into a special plant of Lessudomashstroy, which mass-produced NKL cars according to the design of the chief designer N. M. Andreev. At the same time, at the Gorky plant "Krasny Metallist", under the leadership of the chief designer M.V. Veselovsky, KM-type snowmobiles were put into production.
Snowmobiles with a propeller were widely used in the war with the White Finns (1939-1940). These were serially produced TsAGI-ANT-IV designs by A. N. Tupolev and OSGA (NKL)-b N. M. Andreez. The latter, equipped with a machine gun mounted on a rotary turret, took part in operations, patrolled open sections of the front, guarded objects. Due to their high speed and good maneuverability, combat vehicles were very effective in identifying enemy firing points and adjusting artillery fire. They were also used for operational communications, transportation of ammunition and food. Especially for the accelerated transportation of the seriously wounded, the NKL-6S ambulance was quickly developed. Then, the headquarters NKL-38 was adopted, followed by cargo snowmobiles NKL-12 for servicing field airfields. These air platforms served to transport fuel in barrels, deliver aircraft engines and other equipment to aircraft. The Great Patriotic War forced the intensification of work on the creation of new designs of snowmobiles. Already at the end of June 1941, in accordance with the assignment of the Council of Labor and Defense to prepare the Red Army for winter, the industry received the task to develop reliable combat and transport snowmobiles, ensuring their mass production by the beginning of winter. At the same time, a special department of the Red Army was formed as part of the armored forces, which was entrusted with all organizational work and the provision of special combat and transport airborne units. The case took on such a massive character that in the same year it was possible to form the first transport aerosleigh battalions that carried out the responsible tasks of the command. According to the drawing developed under the guidance of N. M. Andreev and M. V. Veselovsky, the production of new combat snowmobiles NKL-26 and ROE-8, transport NKL-16/41 and later NKL-16/42 began. Completed in combat and transport battalions, these vehicles came to the active army in the last days of December 1941 and January 1942. Hundreds of combat and transport operations were carried out during the years of the war by airborne battalions. The scope of their use at the fronts turned out to be extremely wide. High speeds of movement and excellent cross-country ability on virgin snow ensured that combat snowmobiles could unexpectedly appear at enemy locations, usually tied to roads and settlements, conduct operations with lightning speed and instantly withdraw after they were completed.
In such cases, as a rule, landing snowmobiles with units of skiers followed the combat ones. Group raids were carried out on the front line and behind enemy lines. The landing forces destroyed the rear garrisons and strongholds, disrupted the movement of enemy convoys with food and ammunition to the front. At the beginning of 1942, the Nazi army was thrown back from the near approaches to Moscow. The enemies resisted especially fiercely on the sector of the front, where they were opposed by the 16th Army, commanded by K.K. Rokossovsky. More than a dozen airborne combat and transport battalions were stationed here. In the book "Soldier's Duty" Marshal of the Soviet Union Konstantin Konstantinovich Rokossovsky highly appreciated the aerosleigh technology. “At our request, V.D. Sokolovsky sent an aerosleigh company,” the marshal wrote. “It was located at the headquarters of the rear of the army. Each aerosleigh is armed with a light machine gun. Very strong help, and not only for live communication, as it turned out. In the second half of February, a German ski detachment - more than two hundred soldiers - penetrated our rear at night and crossed the road that supplied the right wing of the army with everything necessary. A critical situation arose for a time. The company immediately advanced into the area occupied by German skiers, turned around and attacked on the move, firing from fourteen of their machine guns. The Germans were dispersed, exterminated. The prisoners taken in this skirmish unanimously said that this attack had stunned them; they mistook the snowmobiles for tanks and were amazed why the cars seemed to be flying through deep snow. Snowmobiles also worked on the ice of Lake Ladoga, transferring cargo along the "Road of Life" to Leningrad, and NKL-26 combat vehicles guarded this only transport artery that connected the besieged city with the mainland. In January - March 1942, the airborne battalions ensured the transfer of military units and military cargo during the liberation of the cities of Volokolamsk, Klin, with their direct participation a number of successful operations were carried out in the area of Staraya Russa, Tikhvin, Pskov. "Snow carts" could be found on the Central, Kalinin, Volkhov, North-Western, Leningrad and Karelian fronts.
During the battles near Stalingrad, snowmobiles served for communication, like staff vehicles, they were thrown into the rear of the enemy by submachine gunners. And special units of sanitary snowmobiles were used later in the liquidation of the group of German troops surrounded by our troops. They brought ammunition and food to the front line, and on return flights they evacuated the wounded to the medical battalions. ... The command of our troops located near Ilmen Lake near Novgorod urgently needed a "language". More than once scouts were sent behind enemy lines, but bold raids remained inconclusive. They decided to entrust the 53rd battalion of combat snowmobiles with a difficult task. At top speed, cars with paratroopers broke into the village, in the shortest battle with the stunned Nazi warriors, several prisoners were captured, and the snowmobile, swiftly moving out from under enemy fire, returned to the location of our units. The prisoners were delivered on time, and the information they had turned out to be very valuable. The successful operations of airborne vehicles on the fronts were facilitated by the skillful leadership of the combat and transport battalions of these vehicles by the Armored Directorate of the Red Army (ABTU KA). The merit of this management is in close connection with the enterprises that produced snowmobiles, with the design bureaus that developed such equipment. For example, by order of the ABTU KA, a "repair flight" was created on the basis of the NKL-16, which ensured the prompt return to service of snowmobiles knocked out by the enemy. New machines were also designed during this period: a mobile machine-gun installation - the NKL-34 snowmobile, small-sized machines with motorcycle engines ZP-1 and ZP-2. A lot of work was done by A. A. Bekurnikov and I. A. Bekurnikov, who were part of the department: their large landing snowmobiles ASD-400 were successfully tested in the winter of 1943/44. ... The Great Patriotic War ended, but combat snowmobiles continued to carry out military service - mainly in the border troops. Transport vehicles were engaged in peaceful labor. As a rule, they worked in the system of the Ministry of Communications of the USSR - they delivered mail on regular lines along the rivers Amur, Lena Ob, Northern Dvina, Mezen, Pechora and others, where it was impossible to operate conventional vehicles. Author: I. Yuvenaliev
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