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PERSONAL TRANSPORT: GROUND, WATER, AIR
Auger instead of tracks. Personal transport
Directory / Personal transport: land, water, air Every year, the development of hard-to-reach regions of the country, which store in their depths incalculable wealth, which is so necessary for the national economy, is going on more and more intensively. Searching for these secrets of nature, numerous exploration parties are working. They overcome hundreds and thousands of kilometers of impenetrable tundra, force swamps and swamps, rivers that do not freeze even in severe winters, deep snows. In this they are assisted by various transport vehicles - tracked amphibious all-terrain vehicles, off-road vehicles, helicopters and airplanes. Nevertheless, in particularly difficult conditions, the available technology often turns out to be powerless. You have to use pack animals, reindeer teams, and sometimes make your way on foot, wearing hunting skis or snowshoes. Therefore, attempts are understandable to develop such a mover that would provide high cross-country ability not only for cars, but also for simpler, small vehicles, no less necessary for work in remote developed areas. And a mover of this kind exists: screw, or screw. It certainly has its drawbacks, but it also has many advantages. The main one is to ensure cross-country ability in such off-road conditions, where all other vehicles do not provide cross-country ability.
The screw propeller has its own rather long history. Its appearance is attributed to 1900, when the Russian inventor F. Dergint was granted a patent for a sledge driven by an auger. Following that, in France and Sweden, screw propellers appear, adapted to cars and designed to provide them with the ability to move on snow.
These cars had a screw propeller installed between the rear wheels of the car. The auger was driven by the engine through a special gear. Initially, one such propulsion unit was installed on cars, and later two parallel ones. What was the auger itself! Outwardly, it resembled a screw in a meat grinder: it is a rod of a certain diameter, on which a high spiral rib is wound. The augers were mounted on a hinged suspension, the driver of the car, through a system of levers, could lower and raise them, that is, adjust the height in relation to the wheels of the car. What did it give! When driving in deep, loose snow, for example, it was enough to lower the auger so that it would sink into a denser layer, providing better traction. Later, the auger began to be mounted on a spring suspension - and the same operation was performed automatically, the complex lever control system of the propulsion was abolished. But in the first all-terrain vehicles, the auger still did not work reliably enough, and the cars themselves had too narrow wheels, which, under the weight of the car, sank deep into the snow and created great resistance to movement. And the design of the auger was also imperfect. A rod of small diameter and a high narrow edge of its screw thread did not compact the snow, and on a hard crust the car could move without such a mover. The next stage in the development of auger transport is an increase in the diameter of the screw propeller, a sharp decrease in the height of the spiral rib and the replacement of wheels with skis. These improvements dramatically increased the efficiency of the auger. Now it has turned into a cylinder of large diameter, which, when moving, compacts the snow well, and the helical rib, although it was of a smaller height, worked much better. Tests have shown that the adhesion of such an auger to the ground increases with an increase in the load on it. This observation led to the next stage in the development of all-terrain vehicles of the type in question, which can be called modern, since it captures the present day. The designers abandoned the adaptation of the screw propeller to the car, and began to build special machines in which the entire mass is distributed between two screw propellers and front steered skis.
Almost simultaneously, another type of auger machines appeared. They no longer had wheels or skis, and the movers were large-diameter cylinders with a three- or four-start winding of the working rib. Management was carried out as on tracked vehicles: braking one of the augers. This design is considered the most promising, since it makes it possible to use such machines not only in winter, but also in complete off-road conditions. It is worth mentioning here the tests of winter equipment ", which were organized in the Moscow region in the late twenties. The capabilities of various snowmobiles, cars, tractors and accessories for them that increase snow patency were tested. Equipment created by the NAMI Institute, individual designers participated in the tests. There were also foreign cars, among them a motor-bob auger and a Fordson tractor on worm drums. The comparison made it possible to reveal a number of advantages of machines with screw propellers: relative simplicity, smooth running, good traction. But at the same time, the disadvantages were also revealed, mainly consisting of low speed, poor maneuverability, and insufficient design reliability. An important factor was the limited places for the expedient use of augers in comparison with tracked vehicles and off-road vehicles. All this was the reason for the weakening of the attention of transport organizations to the auger propeller. The revival of interest in machines with "screw" propellers, both in our country and abroad, falls on the 60s. It is connected with the search for all-terrain structures applicable not only in WINTER, but also in other particularly difficult road conditions. Various experimental auger-walking machines, designed specifically for work in heavily swampy areas, were created in the USA, England, and Japan. In our country, a lot of research work, including on the theory of screw propellers, was done by the laboratory of snowmobiles of the Gorky Polytechnic Institute named after A. A. Zhdanov. Under the guidance of Candidate of Technical Sciences, Associate Professor S. V. Rukavishnikov, a number of light screw machines (GPI-16R, GPI-16VA, GPI-16VS and GPI-0,5) were developed, the tests of which confirmed the assumption that the use of "rotor-screw" machines is promising. snowmobile propulsion systems and revealed a number of indisputable advantages of these propulsion systems: higher efficiency, increased durability and reliability, higher traction and coupling qualities, lighter weight and simple design.
Tests of a light auger machine GPI-16R with an Izh-Planet engine with a power of 12 hp. With. showed that the machine moves steadily on snow with a depth of 200 to 800 mm, freely overcomes sastrugi up to 400 mm high. The auger has screw drums with a Cylinder diameter of 300 mm and a pitch of the helix of the hooks of 840 mm, which corresponds to an angle of elevation of the helix of the hook of 42°. The length of the drum, including the front and rear conical sections, is 1650 mm, with the number of turns 3 and the height of the hooks 50 mm. The hooks are made in the form of a trapezoid with a base of 35 mm and an angle at the top of 20°. During the tests, comparisons were made with the half-track GPI-15, which had similar weight and power characteristics: both machines showed the same results in terms of measured parameters. The test conclusions indicate that the use of helical drums with a helical hook line angle of 42 ° is possible for a snowmobile, however, a decrease in the angle is desirable, which will increase the traction margin of the clutch. It was also noted that lateral movements during movement are the most significant drawback of a propeller-driven machine. Devices are needed to stabilize rectilinear movement, especially on uneven track. The lateral displacements of screw drums have been known for a long time. Another engineer A. A. Krzhivitsky wrote about this in the book "Mechanical vehicles on snow", published in 1926. And even then he recommended limiting the augers with skids that cut into the snow on the sides, stabilizing the movement and perceiving lateral forces arising on the helical edge of the drums. The GPI-0,5 vehicles created by the laboratory, produced in a small batch, were used in the winter in Kamchatka to bypass power lines, where they replaced the powerful GAZ-71 tracked vehicles used before. Ski-screw snowmobile GPI-0,5 consists of a body, engine, power train (transmission), running gear, steering and power supply systems for the engine and electrical equipment. The body is all-metal, welded, open, designed to carry 2-3 people. It is the main load-bearing structural element of the snowmobile. The front hood, under which the engine is located, is made folding to ensure the convenience of servicing the engine in operation.
Motorcycle engine "Izh-Planet" is equipped with forced cooling. At a crankshaft speed of 3200-3500 rpm, it develops a power of 15,5 liters. With. The power transmission includes chain transmissions to the clutch and gearbox, made in a block with the engine, from the gearbox to the gearbox, as well as onboard gears - from the main shaft to the bevel gearboxes of the propulsion drive. A brake disc is mounted on the main shaft. The undercarriage consists of two steerable skis with leaf spring damping and two propeller screw drums with their suspensions. The drums are riveted, non-hermetic, with stainless steel hooks, the number of windings is 4. The hook pitch is 1100 with an angle along the drum of 40 °. The propellers are sprung at the rear, which allows them to have better grip on the ground to overcome road irregularities. Steering at the auger - with a conventional steering wheel and a rack and pinion mechanism; connection with rotary levers wad - rods. We should also dwell on special-purpose machines developed at the Gorky Polytechnic Institute named after A. A. Zhdanov. In 1968, special all-terrain vehicles on screw propellers of the GPN-63 and GPI-72 types, created under the guidance of Professor A. F. Nikolaev, went to the test. These machines, having a high power-to-weight ratio, are equipped with sealed screw drums of large diameter, which provide the possibility of free movement not only on snow or snow-covered ice at a speed of up to 20 km / h, but even on water and impenetrable swamps. They are equipped with ice-milling units for chipping ice around wintering ships in the northern ports, to protect hydrotechnical structures from destruction by ice. With an ice thickness of 1,5 m, the speed of such milling penetration reaches 560 m/h. Of great interest is the machine GPI-92, designed specifically for the mechanization of the processing of silt-like sediments at the sites of treatment facilities in large cities. Such settling tanks have an area of up to several hundred hectares and, with modern treatment facilities, should absorb up to 16000 m3 of silt-like precipitation per day in large cities. Being dehydrated, these masses can be used in industry and agriculture. But practice has shown that the dehydration cycle is delayed for several years, mainly due to the overgrowth of the surface of the site with weeds, which prevent intensive evaporation of moisture. The GPK-82 machine showed good cross-country ability in silt sedimentation tanks at any humidity, and rotary screw propellers also intensively destroy and immerse them in vegetation cover without the use of any additional attachments. They mix the top layer to a depth of 500-600 mm, which contributes to more intensive evaporation of moisture. With an engine power of 115 liters. With. and the diameter of sealed rotary screw drums is 800 mm, the machine provides a speed of 5 to 20 km/h, depending on the degree of moisture content of the sludge. Powerful machines on screw propulsion bulls were also created at the Likhachev Moscow Automobile Plant. Shnekohod ShN-I is equipped with an engine of 180 liters. With. and sealed rotary screw drums with Ø 800 mm, with a trapezoidal working hook 120 mm high and an inclination angle of 17 °. To increase rigidity, a layer of polyurethane is sprayed on the inner surface of the drums. The machine is designed for movement in deep snow, swamps. An unusual design auger swamp machine was created at the Moscow Institute of National Economy named after M. N. Gubkin. Its two screws, rotating in opposite directions, allow you to move forward and backward; when they move in one direction, the car can move sideways, and even on asphalt. This swamp is designed to transport drilling equipment over difficult terrain - for example, an air cushion cargo platform. Of foreign machines, the Japanese model of the Dorothy auger is of particular interest. She has not two, but four screws, placed in series, two on each side. Moreover, any auger can rotate in both directions. Thanks to this, the machine has exceptional maneuverability. Fans of technical creativity did not ignore the rotary screw propulsion. In 1965, engineer P. G. Gavrilov from Temirtau proposed to re-equip the standard Pobeda car, installing two augers and front control skis on it. The augers were mounted on special brackets without damping elements and were driven by cardan shafts coming from a gearbox with angular gears mounted on the engine. The same author owns the project of a ski-screw machine, in which the auger drums had pneumohydraulic shock absorbers, which improved the grip of the mover with the ground on uneven tracks. In 1973, engineer P.V. Oleinikov from the village of Zarechensky, Murmansk Region, built the CRAB-1 augers. We must pay tribute to the perseverance of a lover of technical creativity: it took three years to make the car not only efficient, but also reliable: it is operated throughout the winter period without breakdowns.
The CRAB-1 augers consist of a body ski, one auger, a motor unit and one front steerable ski, which, when moving, compacts the snow in front of the auger. The body has a U-shape: the side planes, equipped with undercuts, slide over the snow, and an auger is placed in the cutout. The undercuts neutralize the lateral forces that occur on the working auger, providing a stable rectilinear movement of the machine. And the ski planes themselves limit the space in which the auger operates, which significantly increases its efficiency. The mover is fixed on the frame, which is pivotally attached to the power units of the U-shaped cutout with its front part. Its back part is not connected with the body-ski and extends beyond its rear edge. On it, with the help of a special bracket, an Izh-56 engine with forced air cooling, as well as a gearbox (reverse) is installed. The last one is from / is terminated from the rear axle of a wheelchair. A chain drive goes from the gearbox to the auger drive. Such a scheme during movement allows the auger frame to move together with the engine in a vertical plane, providing improved adhesion of the mover to the road on bumps. This is also facilitated by the optimal load of the auger, which carries the weight of the engine and gearbox. The mover, like all similar machines, is a cylindrical drum Ø 320 mm and a length of 1500 mm with three spirals of hooks shifted relative to each other by 120 °. The pitch of the hooks is 450 mm - this means that in one revolution the auger moves forward by 0,45 m. 1,5 ribs at the same time. For the manufacture of hooks, the designer used worn-out discs from the tractor clutch. The front controlled ski is equipped with a soft suspension of a spring, two shock absorbers from the Riga moped and limiters: rubber pads that prevent hard hits and protect the spring from breakage. Even such a brief review of auger machines shows that the development of this specific type of transport equipment continues, as does the search for new design solutions. Author: I.Nikolaev
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