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PERSONAL TRANSPORT: GROUND, WATER, AIR
Caterpillar snowmobile. Personal transport
Directory / Personal transport: land, water, air A bit of history. I am 48 years old. Twenty years ago, together with his younger brother, they built the Mysl-2 snowmobile - material about it was published in Modeler-Constructor No. 11 for 1991. Later, when I worked as the director of the Zavodoukovsky station for young technicians, under my leadership, about 20 similar designs with various Soviet-made motorcycle engines were made in its circles. I must admit that the construction of the snowmobile greatly contributed to the appointment of me to this position. We used the snowmobile quite intensively for several years, and then sent it in a railway container to another region to a new owner. There he, compact, passable maintainable and inexpensive, liked the local fishermen and began to replicate it. I must say that even now such snowmobiles are made in those parts in small batches! The design of the prototype turned out to be quite successful and was repeated with slight variations in dozens, maybe even hundreds of copies throughout the country. True, I learned about this quite recently, thanks to the Internet. Homemade products from the 1990s are still alive and new options with imported power motor units are emerging. It is surprising and pleasant that even now, when industrial snowmobiles, both domestic and imported, are in abundance, there are craftsman enthusiasts who create "thoughts" in their garages according to the drawings of the Modeler-Constructor magazine. On the Internet, on home-made websites, a snowmobile is praised for its simplicity, manufacturability and repair in a garage workshop, and even for fuel efficiency.
This article is a description of the design of the last snowmobile called "Chuk-125" made in 1995, when I was still working at the Zavodoukovsky station of young technicians. During its construction, the shortcomings that appeared in previous designs were taken into account, as well as some new solutions were applied. Therefore, it would be a pity if readers did not find out about them. Description of construction "Chuk-125" is a three-wheel single-seat snowmobile with a caterpillar drive and an asymmetrical (on the right side) engine from the M-103 motorcycle, which provides the machine with acceptable dynamism. maneuverability (while ensuring stability), and a rather wide caterpillar with "snow hooks" made of wooden bars with a section of 45x25 mm provides good cross-country ability on virgin snow. The location of the engine to the right of the seat is structurally expedient, in this case it is possible to do without an intermediate shaft, which greatly simplifies the transmission and increases the reliability of the equipment. The difference from previous snowmobiles is that the drive chain from the output shaft sprocket of the power unit to the driven sprocket of the caterpillar drive shaft now passes between the frame side member and the caterpillar, that is, the right end of the caterpillar drive shaft no longer protrudes, as before, cantilevered beyond the dimensions of the snowmobile, which significantly unloaded the nearest bearing. The right side member also serves as a chain guard. Under the right foot there is an elongated gear lever, and at the floor level of the platform there is a kick starter, but now it is not a foot lever, but a handle. Here I also note that it is possible to start the engine from the “pusher” along the knurled track, and in extreme cases, subject to precautions, by pulling the caterpillar with your hands from the side of the trunk. The frame is welded. It is assembled from 45x45 mm corners (spars) and round pipes of various diameters (traverse, racks, crossbars) using an ADZ-1 household welding machine and UONI electrodes. Pipe bending was carried out manually with the simplest sleeve pipe bender with a long handle. The bushings of the steering knuckles, the brackets-lugs for fastening the supporting ski, the supporting skis and other auxiliary parts were welded in place during assembly on the slipway, therefore their exact location (by size binding) is not indicated on the frame drawing.
The caterpillar is the defining node of the snowmobile. She is completely self-made. The sliding of the supporting ski on constantly powdered snow or icy tracks is practically not difficult, and sufficient torque is provided even by a low-powered engine. Looking ahead, I note that there was experience in equipping such a snowmobile with even a 50 cc engine. And with it the snowmobile slowly moved with "training" speed. With such a motor, a snowmobile is classified as "disenfranchised" - teenagers from 14 years old can ride it without a license and registration of the car with the technical supervision authorities. The caterpillar is made of two identical parallel strips of a conveyor belt, interconnected by evenly spaced transverse tracks of birch bars. The caterpillar is tensioned by moving its driven shaft with threaded tensioners. It should be noted here that in this design the tension gears were replaced by rollers, which not only simplified the design of the mover, but also eliminated such an unpleasant phenomenon as the tooth of the idler wheel jumping onto the track with insufficient track tension or pieces of ice falling between them. Base ski. It performs several functions: it provides load distribution over the entire area of contact with snow, serves as a guide for the caterpillar and a sliding surface for the tracks. The supporting ski is made of birch plywood 10 mm thick. The front and rear ends of the ski are bent. From below it is lined with sheet polyethylene 5 mm thick. Sheet nylon is an excellent material for padding the sole (lower surface) of a supporting ski, but at that time this material was very scarce. In this case, it is possible to sheathe and separate longitudinal strips. The support ski assembly is attached to the frame on the axles through brackets with rubber bushings, which makes it possible for it to balance and dampen vibration when sliding along the tracks, and also softens the blows from ice, saving the wooden tracks from breakage. Support ski - for caterpillar snowmobile - a new element. It provides a smooth entry of the caterpillar on the drive gears-stars during a "torn" ride (with alternating acceleration). The supporting ski was made of duralumin sheet and mounted on the inter-spar cross member. The front skis are different in width. The right one (along the way) is 20 mm wider than the left one to compensate for the asymmetric weight distribution - the lateral location of the power unit. The toe of the skis is reinforced with a tubular brace, to which the control bail spring clings. The inclined position of the steering knuckles and the guide undercuts from the corner make it easy to maneuver both on snow and on a packed road. To cushion the skis and protect the frame from shock, damper compression springs are put on the steering knuckle struts. The parallelism of the control skis is a prerequisite for ease of control. The adjustment of their mutual position is carried out by means of threaded couplings on the steering rods. At the same time, skis do not create excessive resistance to movement and save fuel. To improve the traction characteristics of the engine, the combustion chamber has been reduced, and the mechanical ignition has been replaced with an electronic one. The engine cylinder is equipped with a self-made forced air cooling system. The two-bladed radial impeller is mounted directly on the ignition rotor, which is elongated with a bolt, which is very simple and reliable! The heated air from the engine cylinder is directed by the fan casing to the area of \uXNUMXb\uXNUMXbthe driver's feet. There is no windshield (although nothing prevents it from being installed), but due to the selected angle of the fairing, oncoming air goes up and almost does not bother. "Chuk-125" is equipped with one course headlight mounted in a plywood fairing. The runners of the control skis are made of ordinary 10 mm plywood. The bending of the bow is achieved by dynamic heating of the workpiece with a blowtorch, abundant irrigation with water and a smooth bend in the fixture. After the plywood has cooled, the skids are impregnated with drying oil, painted and lined with sheet polyethylene. The base plate, corners and lugs for attaching the ski to the steering knuckle are made in one piece. The bent front toes of the skids are reinforced with tubular stops, which not only protect them from breakage, but also serve as convenient handles for pulling out a stuck snowmobile and a place for attaching release springs. Retractable springs save the skis from pecking and cutting into the snow when crossing snowdrifts and other obstacles. The supporting ski is made in a similar way. In comparison with the great-snowmobile "Thought-2", its design is simplified: there are no copper anti-wear pads and cutouts for the drive gears. The simplification did not affect the driving performance and strength of the structural assembly. The caterpillar mover consists of a front drive shaft with rubber gears, a rear driven shaft with rubber rollers, a supporting ski, two supporting skis and a caterpillar belt. The caterpillar assembly consists of two strips of a rubber-fabric conveyor belt with a section of 40x10 mm, to which transverse birch "tracks" are screwed with a step of 90 mm. Fasteners consist of M8x60 bolts, M8 nuts, guide clamps and thick-walled widened duralumin washers. The connection of the caterpillar ends is end-to-end with an overlay from the same conveyor belt and bolted through washers.
The production of bonks is possible by casting into a chill mold from aluminum fragments. Drilling holes in tapes and tracks was carried out according to templates. The driving and driven shafts are welded with a preliminary check for runout and curvature. For normal operation, special accuracy is not required. The curvature of the shaft and axle tips is compensated by the use of self-aligning bearings. The drive gears are cut out with a sharp knife from sheet rubber (you can use the sidewall of a tire from a K700 tractor with water as a lubricant). The exact cutting method consists in first making a star template with holes for fastening. Then a rubber blank with a template is put on the shaft, attracted by standard bolts and cut out. On the frame, in the spars, first of all, holes are marked and drilled for fastening the bearing housings of the input shaft. Then, according to the actual dimensions of the track, the place of fastening of the driven (tension) shaft is determined and grooves are cut to allow the bearing housings to be moved in order to tension the track. The lugs of the support ski mounts should be welded after the drive and driven shafts are installed on the frame and the track is tensioned: set evenly relative to the frame and guide bosses and weld. The lugs of the supporting skis should also be welded in place with a slight decrease from the line of the upper branch of the caterpillar, and it is advisable to attach two wooden longitudinal rails to the floor above the caterpillar, which will protect the plywood from being eaten by the threaded part of the bolts. One of the important assembly conditions is the parallelism of the support ski to the longitudinal corners of the frame - spars and the obligatory location of its sole below the outer diameter of the driven shaft rollers by 15-20 mm. The engine assembly with mounting cheeks-brackets is precisely set on the driven sprocket on the drive shaft of the caterpillar mover and the cheeks are seized by welding. The final welding of the cheeks is carried out already with the engine removed. The chain is tensioned by a tension roller. The cladding consists of a front fairing, a floor and a tool box under the seat. The fairing and floor are made of birch plywood, and the box is made of sheet duralumin. Mounting lugs are welded in place. The seat is made on a steel sheet base with a foam rubber cushion glued on it, covered with a durable waterproof leatherette. The seat is mounted on the frame of the tool box, fastened here by means of a hook and fixed (closed) on the fork with a bolt with a wing nut. A few recommendations for those who decide to build the same snowmobile:
Author: A.Matvejchuk
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