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PERSONAL TRANSPORT: GROUND, WATER, AIR
Motosani Penguin. Personal transport
Directory / Personal transport: land, water, air When winter comes and snow covers the ground like a "fluffy blanket", in many Russian regions the only vehicle capable of overcoming this "fluffy blanket" is a caterpillar all-terrain vehicle or, more often, a tractor with drag sleds. You can, of course, buy a Japanese ski-caterpillar "Yamaha" (although it costs more than another car) or buy a cheaper domestic "Buran", which has become a rarity today. However, are such powerful machines always needed? We bring to the attention of readers a small-sized wheeled ski snowmobile - simple, unpretentious, easy to manufacture and cheap to operate. This machine, called "Penguin", is an articulated vehicle, the use of which allows the rear wheels to move along a track compacted by skis when driving both in a straight line and in turns. The name "Penguin" was given to the snowmobile for a method of movement similar to that used by these birds, which lay down on the snow with their chest and, pushing off with their paws, slide forward very quickly. Motosleds are equipped with a V-50 type engine (these were used on mopeds "Riga" or "Karpaty") and can reach speeds of up to 40 km / h. The basis of the "Penguin" is a tubular frame, which consists of two parts (semi-frames) connected by a vertical hinge. An engine, a fuel tank and a rear axle with a pair of low-pressure pneumatic wheels are mounted on the rear half-frame. On the front semi-frame, resting on two skis, the driver's seat is fixed and the motorized sleigh controls are installed - course control levers, clutch release handle, carburetor throttle control handle ("gas"), gear shift handle and pin-type brake pedals. It is advisable to start designing a snowmobile with the selection of pneumatic chambers for the drive wheels - the geometric parameters of the frame will depend on their dimensions. The optimal diameter of the pneumatic chamber in the inflated state is about 550 mm. However, larger cameras will do, it will only be necessary to increase the length of the struts connecting the ski hinges to the front half-frame, and replace the sprocket on the rear wheel shaft with another one with a large number of teeth - this will enable the engine to operate normally.
The rear half-frame of the snowmobile is of the spinal type. Its power base is a steel pipe with a diameter of 34x2,5 mm, to which the front and rear engine mounts, the rear axle bearing assembly, and the steering column are welded. The engine mounts are welded in place: first, the mounts are cut out of a 2,5 mm thick steel sheet, then bolts and nuts with M8 thread are fixed to the corresponding motor nodes, after which the engine, together with the fasteners, is fitted to the frame tube. Further, the nodes are attached to the frame by welding, the engine is dismantled from the frame, and the parts are finally welded. A control beam, consisting of a tubular cross member and a pair of tubular braces, and fuel tank mounting brackets are also welded to the spinal tube. The latter is from the Karpaty moped, but any other, even home-made, from a two-liter polyethylene canister with a motorcycle fuel cock with a sump filter would be quite suitable. The front half-frame of the snowmobile is also spinal, it consists of one pipe with a diameter of 40x2,5 mm, bent in the form of the letter L. It is connected to the rear half-frame using a pair of bridges - parts bent from a steel sheet 2,5 mm thick - and an axis (bolt M12), passed through the holes in the bridges and in the steering column of the rear half-frame. On the front half-frame there are also mounting brackets for the seat and backrest. The seat and back itself are from a chair that is suitable in size. The rear axle of the snowmobile is a bearing housing, machined from a steel pipe, in which an intermediate sleeve rotates on a pair of bearings. A tubular shaft is passed through the latter, on which couplings connecting the shaft and the rear wheels, as well as a chain drive sprocket, are fixed. It should be noted that the described design of the rear axle is non-separable - it is much easier for a do-it-yourselfer to make this. However, during the manufacturing process, a certain assembly technology must be observed. First, the rear axle shaft is passed through the intermediate sleeve, and the connection is fixed with "electric rivets" (the so-called connection, in which a hole is drilled in one of the mating parts, after which it is welded and the melt firmly connects the parts). Next, bearings are pressed into the bearing housing and fixed with spring split rings, and lastly, the left coupling and the assembly consisting of an asterisk, a bushing and a right coupling are fastened to the shaft by welding. The Penguin wheels consist of a central hub welded from a piece of steel pipe with a diameter of 35x2,5 mm and two steel flanges made of a 3 mm thick sheet, a pair of plywood discs and twelve M10 threaded studs with nuts and washers. Along the periphery of each of the plywood disks, rectangular holes are cut for fastening nylon belts that fix the pneumatic chamber on the wheel. To make the wheel last longer, you need to cover the plywood disks twice with hot drying oil and, after drying, paint with alkyd enamel. Please note that each flange is connected to the corresponding disk with only two bolts - another pair of holes is designed for rigid engagement of the wheel with the rear axle shaft. Each of the snowmobile skis is glued from 5 mm plywood plates and a strip of stainless steel (laminated plastic, fiberglass or polyethylene would also work well); the total thickness of the ski is about 22 mm. It is recommended to use epoxy resin as a binder for bonding. When gluing, you should use the simplest slipway - a wooden bar or a piece of steel channel, to which the plywood plates are pressed with steel U-shaped brackets with threads at the free ends and traverses - wooden bars with a pair of holes in each. The bend of the toe is provided by a figured wooden block fixed on the slipway, the configuration of which corresponds to the profile of the front of the ski. The skis are connected to the hinge bushings on the frame using the main brackets, curved from 3 mm thick sheet steel, and M12 threaded studs.
A pin-type braking device is mounted on the finished ski. It consists of two metal bushings fixed at the rear of the ski, in which steel pins can move freely, connected by means of a link pair with levers. The latter are fixed by welding on the sleeve; the brake drive lever is also welded to the same bushing. The bushing is pivotally fixed in the support bracket by means of a threaded stud and is provided with a return spring. The force from the brake pedal, located in the front of the ski, is transmitted to the drive lever using a tubular rod with hinged tips at its ends. The very same brake pedal is bent from a steel pipe with a diameter of 16 mm in the form of the letter P; a piece of rubber hose is stretched on one end of it, and the other is inserted into the footboard, bent from sheet steel 2,5 mm thick, and fixed there with a washer and cotter pin. The tubular drive rod is also splinted on the pedals. On the front skis, the course control levers are also mounted, which are hinged on the main ski brackets. The levers themselves are made of steel pipes with a diameter of 22 mm, a tip with a hole with a diameter of 12 mm is welded to one end of each, and on the other side the engine gearshift mechanism and the clutch release handle (left lever) are mounted. On the right lever is the carburetor throttle control ("gas"). The levers are connected to the control yoke by means of tubular rods. At the junction of the forks of the levers and the traverse with the forks, the control rods are provided with so-called cardan crosses - intermediate links with mutually perpendicular holes for the axles (bolts). The use of crosses is due to the fact that the control levers, traction and traverse make a complex spatial movement, respectively, and the hinges must be either cardan or ball. The engine is started using a starter cord, for which the kick starter pedal is removed from the motor and a pulley machined from duralumin is installed in its place. Before starting, the cord is wound around the pulley (three to four turns), after which the engine is started with a jerk for the free end of the cord. Author: I.Karamyshev
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