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DIRECTORY
Chapter 4. Ways and means of detecting caches. Spy things 4.1. Hidden Detection As stated earlier, the main tool of the seeker is common sense and the analytical mind. In second place are the hands of the seeker: he has to endlessly open and move objects. During a personal search, his hands slide over the body of the suspect, feeling for unnatural protrusions, so the sense of touch is an important factor in the search. In third place is a set of special tools necessary for conducting any search, especially when searching for small items. Office and residential premises Careful inspection of the premises often gives positive results. On examination, objects are noted that are out of place, traces of scratches made by tools, or liquid leaks: fresh paint, varnish, etc. Examine things and objects that have recently been touched, and at the same time carefully observe the suspect. One way to find hiding places is to measure the objects in which it can be located, either by eye or with a tape measure. Measurements help to find hidden spaces and secret compartments. A false "double" bottom in a case or suitcase is easy to detect if you compare its internal and external dimensions, taking into account the thickness of the material. You can find out about the existence of a secret room by drawing a floor plan with dimensions. When inspecting the premises, the auditory perception of the seeker helps, especially in large spaces. Secret rooms when tapping the wall give a duller sound than the main wall. Tapping to detect empty spaces is a common technique and does not require special tools. Another way is disassembling items. It is known that in many objects of factory production there are empty spaces. Disassembly can be simple, requiring no special tools, such as opening a portable receiver and seeing if there are batteries or anything else in the battery compartment. There are also more complex cases when tools are required for disassembly. A set of special tools, which will be discussed in detail below, is necessary for any serious search. After all, it is possible to detect a small object that can be carefully disguised in a wall, in a partition, etc., only with the help of special devices. In residential and office premises, hiding places can be equipped in well-accessible and completely unexpected places: switches, sockets, under baseboards, in water pipes, in plumbing fixtures, etc. Any household appliance in the home is a potential hiding place. Shops and businesses Security in stores and businesses can vary from weak to very severe, and usually does not pose much of a threat to a professional thief. In stores, security is usually organized to protect against petty thieves and consists of plainclothes security guards and television cameras. Customers are not searched at the exit. Only if the guard noticed the theft, he can detain the thief and conduct a search. Business security is another matter. Industrial enterprises are very different in type and in the security measures taken. Some limit themselves to a watchman at the gate, who must ensure that some worker does not carry out half the factory in a sandwich box. Elsewhere the matter is taken more seriously. Enterprises working under military contracts have armed guards and check all bags and packages at the entrance and exit. In addition, inside the enterprise there are specially protected areas with limited access and special rules. Employees and visitors may be required to turn out their pockets before entering or leaving, sometimes even being required to undress and change clothes. Very tight security at nuclear power plants and jewelry processing plants. It strictly monitors who and what enters the territory. Visitors may be asked to undress for a personal search. This, of course, is some kind of violation of the law. A person has the right not to agree to a personal search, but on the other hand, the administration has the right not to let him through. In the same way, employees may resent being searched, but they are free to look for work elsewhere. In some countries, the protection is set quite severely. For example, in the diamond mines of South Africa, workers must undergo a very rigorous search to be allowed to leave. They work in the mines, live in fenced barracks, and are not allowed to go out into the outside world until they leave. When vacation time comes, those leaving are transferred to the quarantine zone, where they are forced to take a laxative upon entry. The quarantine lasts long enough for the laxative to take effect; while the workers are closely monitored. In addition, they are X-rayed so that they cannot bear the diamonds. Finally, before leaving, a strip search is conducted. For most Russians, all this sounds wild. But in other countries, especially where there is discrimination, this is the normal order of things. At the airports Over the past two decades, cases of aircraft hostage-taking have become so frequent that the protection of the latter is of paramount importance. Nowadays, those entering the airport halls need to go through an electronic metal detector and have their luggage x-rayed. This is done primarily to prevent weapons from being carried on board the aircraft and has nothing to do with drugs or other contraband that cannot be detected in this way. There are two types of luggage: the one you take into the cabin and the one you check in at check-in. You can’t get to the suitcases checked into the luggage compartment during the flight, so they are usually not screened. But those bags or briefcases that you put under the seat or put on the luggage net, customs officers and security guards examine more carefully. How effective this search is, whether it meets the goal - it happens in different airports in different ways. One day, our friend conducted an experiment, having agreed with the security staff, and carried a suitcase with fiberglass daggers through the X-ray machine to find out whether they would be visible or not. It was not visible. At some airports, such as one of the Israeli airlines, special attention is paid to security issues, since the planes of this company have been hijacked several times. Therefore, special security measures have been developed here to prevent various types of attempt, although it cannot be said that these measures are always effective. At the airport, all luggage is searched so as not to let a weapon or a bomb on board the aircraft. Special measures apply to things checked in the luggage compartment. All passengers boarding the aircraft are checked against the list, and if someone checks in but does not fly, their luggage is confiscated and searched. Since some terrorists are ready to lose their lives just to blow up an Israeli plane, all passengers are subjected to a body search. Passengers flying out of the country are advised to arrive at the airport early, as they will be searched in special booths. Passengers may be asked to undress if deemed necessary by a security officer. The planes of this airline are accompanied along the taxiways by an armed escort in case of an unexpected attack from the ground. An armored personnel carrier or truck with soldiers follows the plane to the end of the runway. Each flight is accompanied by armed guards. It is assumed that they must counteract attempts to capture the aircraft in the air. Although there is no official confirmation, there is a persistent rumor that pilots are under orders not to fly a plane to an unfriendly country, even if they receive death threats. Pilots are also said to be ordered to crash the plane rather than veer off course. Whether they actually do so is anyone's guess, as there have been no recent attacks in the air; air terrorism has taken other forms. Customs The severity of customs inspection in different countries is different. Some of them are more careful than others, monitor what is imported to them. Often, during customs inspection, one can observe a selective approach to inspection. Tourists are usually allowed through almost without delay, as the host country, as a rule, does not want to scare away its guests. On the other hand, their citizens returning from abroad are examined more carefully. Instead of just chalking out the owner's initials on their luggage, customs officers can force them to open each suitcase. Searches There are two types of searches: without a warrant and with a warrant. A search without a warrant occurs at the time of arrest, when a police officer is allowed to search the detainee for weapons and other evidence. Such a search may be superficial or thorough, depending on the situation and the attitude of the perpetrator. "Patting" is now out of fashion. It has never been particularly effective, especially when looking for weapons or other contraband. Now, many policemen search with a stroking motion, running their hands along the body in search of suspicious ledges. Some countries, including Russia, have "stop and search" laws. It allows a police patrol to quickly search a suspect, holding him for a few minutes to determine his identity. Such a search may reveal weapons or other unfamiliar objects. Agree, some of you have already undergone this procedure., Usually this happens if you are near the metro station after 22 in a slightly high spirits. When a police officer has an arrest warrant, he has the right to search the detainee and "the area under his direct control" if the offender was detained at the scene of the crime. A search of the surrounding area is permitted, whether the arrest is warranted or spontaneous. 4.2. Special tools for locating caches 4.2.1. Search mirror The main tool for finding caches is the search mirror. It can be as small as a dentist's, or it can be much larger. The mirror is attached to a long, several tens of centimeters, handle. 4.2.2. X-ray machines Nowadays, there are very small, portable X-ray machines that many security personnel use to detect bombs and weapons. Airports have stationary X-ray units. As you have already noticed, metal detectors and x-ray devices have their drawbacks. The fundamental disadvantage of X-ray devices is that the radiation is shielded by any metal objects. X-ray will find either a bomb or a gun in a suitcase. But if they are hidden in a metal object, they will not be visible. Weapons are easy to hide inside some part of the car. Even small individual metal parts can mask the item you are looking for. 4.2.3. Vapor detectors A vapor detector is an "electronic nose" that can detect the presence of explosive vapors. Although such a device is expensive, its price does not seem exorbitant compared to the costs involved in training a dog with a handler. 4.2.4. Dogs Dogs perform three types of searches for people, drugs, and explosives In the United States, most police and army dogs are trained at Lecleide Air Force Base near San Antonio, Texas The dog and handler must be trained together because they will work as a team later on. lasts about two months, and then the dog and handler pass an exam in which they must correctly complete approximately 95% of the tasks. Usually dogs are trained to search for either people and drugs, or people and explosives, but never explosives and drugs at the same time. The fact is that these two types of smells can confuse dogs, so "bomb dogs" and "drug dogs" serve in the detective service. A huge advantage of dogs is the speed of their work. A dog can search, for example, an airliner and a passenger's luggage in about half an hour, and it will take a team of observers about eight hours to conduct a thorough search and make sure that there are no explosives on board. This is especially important these days, as there are many false reports of supposedly planted bombs over the phone. Their number is so great that without dogs, special forces would face a difficult dilemma: either to delay flights for a long time, in our example, or to take a big risk by sending planes without a search. In the same way, dogs are trained for drugs, which greatly speeds up the work of security guards and customs officers. Although criminals have developed their own measures against such dogs, the search for drugs is more effective with them. Dog handlers are unlikely to like this, but still note that sniffer dogs are easily vulnerable. Their weakness is in the very way of searching, in the sense of smell. It is easy for a dog to be distracted from a hidden thing or even to break her flair. An ancient remedy for bloodhounds - a mixture of dried blood, gunpowder and pepper. Soon they found a stronger substance - cocaine. It is a drug that acts as a local anesthetic and desensitizes the dog for several hours. Nowadays, there are stronger and faster-acting local anesthetics that are sold without a prescription. There are various tanning lotions that contain nupercaine or dibucaip. There are also anesthetic ointments, which are sold under different names, such as "Nupercain", "Orangel", etc. All of them are suitable for this purpose. When mixed with animal blood, the mixture will attract the dog long enough for the anesthetic to take effect and impair its sense of smell. Another way to fool a dog. Suppose you need to mask the smell of a person. To do this, you just need to leave traces of his blood or sweat in different places, a few drops are enough. A drug-trained dog can be fooled by leaving scattered traces of drugs nearby. Marijuana leaves have a very pungent smell, and if you rub the leaves around the house, the dog will falsely raise so many false alarms that his handler will stop searching. Dogs that specialize in drugs are particularly sensitive to cocaine. If a little cocaine is scattered on the floor, the dog will certainly become interested in it. And that would be the last scent she would smell for the next few hours. Explosives have a characteristic smell of nitrates and dogs are trained on them to search for bombs. You can deceive such a dog if you rub a piece of plastic explosive on the luggage or bag, especially if this luggage belongs to several different people. Dogs are very attracted to some aftershaves and react to them like explosives. This can be used to "disguise" real explosives. By becoming familiar with the working methods of those who seek, you have a better idea of what you will have to face in order to keep your secret. Although at first glance it seems that those who search are great professionals and nothing can be hidden from them, they do not work as efficiently as they would like to show you. Proof of this is a huge number of various illegal items on the territory of our country. And if they find anything, it is only because of the stupidity or extreme bad luck of the one who hides. 4.2.5. Television and optical systems Modern television and optical systems include endoscopic and portable television equipment, as well as special optical instruments and mirrors. Endoscopy equipment is used in industry, construction, transportation, scientific research, medicine, security and screening services. Endoscopes are familiar to most people suffering from diseases or undergoing examination of the gastrointestinal tract. It is hard to forget the discomfort associated with the endoscopy room, when the doctor puts a flexible hose about 1 m long with a light bulb and a lens at the end into your esophagus. Portable television systems are used to quickly search for explosive devices, weapons, drugs, contraband, inspect vehicles, containers, wagons, ships. Optical devices and mirrors complement the capabilities of endoscopic and television equipment, and in addition, they have some independent applications; for example, mirrors are used to inspect cars. The modern technical level of means of remote visual observation is quite high. The endoscopic product portfolio includes a full range of flexible fiber optic fiberscopes, rigid baroscopes, flexible videoscopes, image transmission systems, portable video systems and video analyzers that allow you to inspect hard-to-reach places with high quality images. Common and main for all these devices is a miniature lens placed at the end of a thin flexible sleeve or rigid tube, inside which the image is transmitted via a fiber-optic bundle or through multi-component lenses to the eyepiece. A CCD matrix can be located next to the lens, the signal from which is transmitted via cable to the signal conversion unit and to the television monitor. Flexible endoscopes easily pass through the complex curves of various channels. Baroscopes, unlike flexible endoscopes, are equipped with a rigid rod instead of a flexible sleeve, at the end of which there is a lens and (or) a CCD matrix. Baroscopes are used to inspect nodes that can be accessed through narrow, straight channels. Videoscopes are ideal for viewing remote areas. The image is displayed on a TV monitor in real time, with simultaneous photo and video documentation. All these possibilities of endoscopic systems are implemented in full form, for example, in serial products from Olympus (Japan). However, this equipment does not fully meet the requirements for the efficiency of the inspection. Virtually all industrial endoscopic systems are designed for static rigorous examination rather than rapid on-line examination. These systems have a multi-module configuration with cable connections, their functional units are not minimized in terms of weight and dimensions. There are also obvious problems with quick preparation for work, transferring the system and maintaining its integrity. Another significant feature is the not always acceptable quality of the image observed through the eyepiece. Videoscopes allow observation through a miniature CCD matrix at a distance of up to 22 m. The signal is fed through a cable to a conversion unit and, further, to a TV monitor. The resolution and, as a result, the image quality in videoscopes is much higher than that achieved with fiberscopes. An almost unlimited number of observers can follow the inspection on a TV monitor. At the same time, such equipment cannot be used by one operator and is not suitable for quickly changing the place of inspection and bypassing objects. Portable endoscopic devices such as MP-660V or MM-013C fiberscopes are more suitable for this. Portable television systems can combine the benefits of high image quality with the maximum usability of screening equipment. This is achieved by constructively combining in a single device a miniature television camera, an adjustable rod and a television monitor. The angular position of the camera is changed using a flexible rod end or a fixed hinge. The TV signal and power are transmitted through a cable running inside the boom. In telescopic rods, winding of excess cable is provided on the built-in spring-loaded drum. The monitor for viewing the image is attached to the rod handle by means of an adjustable bracket. The characteristic features of television portable systems are as follows:
An example of the implementation of these features is the S-1000 ("Kalmar") type system. In some cases, simpler television systems are acceptable for screening purposes. Their designs can vary widely in terms of the length and design of the rod, the type of monitor, the method of installation and camera parameters, the battery life and other characteristics. The effectiveness of the use of television systems, as well as endoscopic equipment, largely depends on the exact choice of equipment in accordance with the object of inspection and conditions of use. Portable television systems are especially convenient for customs inspection of all kinds of vehicles and containers. With all the differences of the technical means discussed above, it can be seen that each of them individually has a certain limit in its development. Although it is possible and necessary to improve the quality of individual elements, make useful improvements and additions, optimize the configuration, and so on, the most promising way to increase the efficiency of such systems, as examples from other areas of technology show, is to combine the capabilities of various equipment. Thus, for example, the possibilities of non-contact detection of secretly carried objects in people have significantly increased due to the combination of stationary metal detectors with the detection of explosive vapors, the detection of radioactive materials and the non-linear location of radio electronic devices. In the field of visual inspection tools, there is also room for improvement. The most obvious way is to mutually reinforce the advantages of endoscopic and television systems. For example, a telescopic rod with a Kalmar-type television system mounted on it allows you to freely move the flexible part of the endoscope over a considerable distance, eliminating long hanging cables for signal transmission and illumination, and the use of a compact wearable monitor instead of an eyepiece makes visual observation more convenient. Additional advantages to such systems are provided by a radio channel module for transmitting video images to a remote monitoring or control post. The next step is to combine the possibilities of visual and detector research. During visual inspection, direct visual recognition of objects is carried out, which requires a long-term increased concentration of the operator's attention and does not always give a reliable result. Detector research is understood as the use of equipment that, by contact or non-contact method, is capable of perceiving certain physical properties that indicate the presence of some anomalies in the examined place in the form of heterogeneities, characteristic radiations or specific substances. From the point of view of the effectiveness of examinations with the use of detectors, it is essential that they generate a signal in case of exceeding a predetermined sensitivity threshold, thereby not only detecting, but also localizing the desired device or material. As a result of combining visual and detector methods of search, the probability of detection increases and the inspection time is reduced. The main problem is to maintain the ease and convenience of handling the equipment with all the improvements. For this, in particular, it is required that the sensitive element of the detector, which is placed at the end of the inspection rod, has the smallest possible dimensions and weight. For high-frequency equipment, it is important to provide safe, but effective radiation parameters. It is also necessary to solve the problems of functional and constructive compatibility of various technical means. An example of a successful solution to these and many other difficulties is the S-1100 ("Patrol") vehicle inspection system, which makes it possible to simultaneously locate an object and conduct television surveillance of the area being examined. A miniature television camera is built into the light small-sized antenna unit of the system, which performs high-frequency sounding, oriented according to the antenna pattern, which allows you to accurately observe the response zone when receiving a location signal. Such a system can be supplemented with a small-sized dosimeter, a detector of explosives and drugs, devices for detecting clockwork and magnets, and other means of examination. If the number of equipment and devices or the features of the tasks performed exceed the possibility of using standard equipment, a radio-controlled chassis with manipulators, neutralization means and other equipment, the consideration of which is beyond the scope of this book, will come to the rescue. 4.2.6. metal detectors We have all seen stationary metal detectors at airports and large stadiums. But there are other, portable devices. A hand-held metal detector is used to quickly and discreetly check for weapons. A dignitary's bodyguard walks through the crowd and quietly checks on people without touching them. Airport metal detectors are capable of detecting very small objects. However, this can greatly complicate the work of inspectors. The sensitivity of these devices is adjustable, and most operators set it to a low level to avoid too many false alarms. If the alarm sounds because the passenger has a fountain pen or a watch bracelet, the security officer has to return it back and ask them to remove metal items from their pockets. This leads to serious traffic delays, especially at busy airports. Security officers are afraid of the accumulation of angry passengers, it is easier for them to reduce the sensitivity of the device - and come what may. Metal detectors can detect very small metal objects, the size of a needle or paper clip. Most also capture non-ferrous metals such as copper, lead and nickel, which are used in weapons and ammunition. The operation of a metal detector depends both on the mass of a metal object and on the distance to it. To detect a small object, the device must be very close to it. In this case, larger objects will shield small ones, and the latter will go unnoticed. In practice, this means that a weapon can be carried past the metal detector if it is hidden deep enough. You can determine the desired depth by trial and error, using a metal detector of the type that will be checked. Please note that army units usually use mine detectors of various modifications when searching for hidden objects Industrial metal detectors The metal detector is designed to search for metal objects made of ferrous and non-ferrous metals in non-conductive and weakly conductive media (wood, clothing, plastic, etc.). There are many industrial designs of metal detectors. The device has a sound and light alarm. Detection range of metal objects from 20 to 200 mm. Along with professional industrial designs, which are quite expensive, you can also use devices made by yourself to solve your problems. They have rather high characteristics, sometimes not inferior to industrial designs. Several such devices are described below. Practical schemes of metal detectors (metal detectors) The principle of operation of the devices described below is based on a comparison of the oscillation frequencies of two generators: an exemplary and a tunable one, the frequency of which changes under the influence of the oscillatory circuit of the desired metal object. Compared with other known methods - bridge (the imbalance of the measuring bridge is recorded, one of the arms of which is connected to the search coil), phase shift (the phase shift of the oscillations of the exemplary and tunable generators is measured), transmitter-receiver (radio frequency energy re-radiated by a metal object is recorded), - the frequency value comparison method (in other words, the beat method) is less efficient, but easier to implement. The metal detectors built using it are compact, do not require careful tuning and measures for hard frequency stabilization, are unpretentious in operation, which is why they are widely used. The devices brought to your attention are made on an accessible element base and can be successfully used not only in the equipment of caches, but also in construction, utilities, to search for debris or snow hidden under a layer of earth, manholes and covers of wells, drain grates, etc. . In addition, these devices can be successfully used to detect caches and hidden metal objects. Metal detector on a single chip Metal detector, the schematic diagram of which is shown in Fig. 1, assembled on just one K176LP2 chip. One of its elements (DD1.1) is used in the exemplary generator, the other (DD1.2) - in the tunable one. The oscillatory circuit of the exemplary generator consists of a coil L1 and capacitors C1, C2, and a tunable one consists of a search coil L2 and a capacitor C4; the first is rebuilt with a variable capacitor C1, the second - by selecting the capacitance of the capacitor C4. On the element DD1.3, a mixer of oscillations of the exemplary and variable frequencies is made. From the load of this node - a variable resistor R5 - the difference frequency signal is fed to the input of the element DD1.4, and the audio frequency voltage amplified by it is sent to the head phones BF1. The device can detect a five-kopeck coin (pre-perestroika monetary unit) at a depth of up to 60 mm. And the cover of the sewer well - at a depth of up to 0,6 m. Metal detector on two chips A metal detector assembled according to the scheme shown in Fig. Figure 2. Here, the K118UN1D microcircuit is used as a mixer and an amplifier of difference frequency oscillations. The exemplary and tunable generators of this device are also identical in circuit, each of them is made on two inverters (DD1.1, DD1.2 and DD2.1, DD2.2, respectively), the elements DD1.3 and DD2.3 - buffer (weaken the influence of the mixer on the generators). The exemplary generator is tuned to a given frequency by a variable capacitor C1, a tunable one - by selecting the capacitance of capacitor C2. High sensitivity metal detector You can increase the sensitivity of a metal detector that uses the beat method by tuning the exemplary oscillator to a frequency 5-10 times higher than the frequency of the tunable one. In this case, beats occur between the oscillations of the exemplary oscillator and the nearest frequency (5-10th) harmonic of the tunable oscillator. The detuning of the latter, say, by only 10 Hz leads to an increase in the frequency of difference oscillations by 50 ... 100 Hz. It is in this way that the increased sensitivity of the device is achieved, the circuit of which is shown in Fig. Fig. 3. It can be used to detect a five-kopeck coin at a depth of up to 100 mm, and a well cover at a depth of up to 0,65 m. The exemplary generator of the metal detector is made on two elements of the DD2 chip and is tuned to a frequency of 1 MHz. The required frequency stability is provided by the ZQ1 quartz resonator. The tunable oscillator uses two elements of the DD1 chip. Its oscillatory circuit L1C2C3VD1 is tuned to a frequency several times lower than the exemplary oscillator. To adjust the circuit, a VD1 varicap was used, the voltage on which is regulated by a variable resistor R2. The mixer is made on the element DD1.4, elements DD1.3 and DD2.3 are used as buffer elements. As in both previous designs, BF1 headphones serve as the search indicator. Back(Tools and devices for equipment caches) Forward (Confidential information is also a secret)
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