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Eriobothria japonica (medlar, loquat, shesek). Legends, myths, symbolism, description, cultivation, methods of application

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Content

1. Photos, basic scientific information, legends, myths, symbolism
2. Genus, family, origin, range, chemical composition, economic importance
3. Botanical description, reference data, useful information, illustrations
4. Recipes for use in traditional medicine and cosmetology
5. Tips for growing, harvesting and storing

Eriobotria Japanese (medlar, loquat, shesek), Eriobotrya japonica. Photos of the plant, basic scientific information, legends, myths, symbolism

Basic scientific information, legends, myths, symbolism

Sort by: Eriobotria (Eriobotrya)

Family: Pink (Rosaceae)

Origin: Eriobothria japonica originates from Japan and southern China, where it has been cultivated and traditionally used for food and treatment of various diseases.

Area: Eriobothria japonica is cultivated in various parts of the world including Japan, China, India, USA, Israel, Spain and other temperate and tropical countries.

Chemical composition: Eriobothria japonica contains many beneficial substances, including vitamins, minerals, antioxidants and phenolic compounds. It also contains essential oils, which give it a characteristic aroma and taste.

Economic value: Eriobothria japonica is used to prepare various dishes and drinks, such as jams, jams, juices and wines. It is also used in the cosmetic industry for the production of creams and lotions due to its antioxidant properties. In addition, Japanese Eriobothria is used in traditional medicine to treat various diseases such as cough, bronchitis and diabetes.

Legends and myths: In Chinese culture, Japanese eriobothria (medlar) is considered a symbol of longevity and immortality, and its fruits are used in medicine to strengthen immunity and reduce inflammation. In Japan, the medlar was associated with the winter holidays and was used as a decoration for the New Year. In some cultures, the medlar symbolizes happiness and prosperity, and is also a symbol of love and romance. In other cultures, its fruits were used as amulets to protect against evil spirits. In addition, medlar is the object of legends and myths in different cultures. In one of the Chinese legends, the medlar is considered the fruit of immortality, which was stolen by a pirate maiden and turned into a mountain when pursued by her enemies. In another legend, medlar is considered a fruit that protects from troubles and misfortunes.

Eriobotria Japanese (medlar, loquat, shesek), Eriobotrya japonica. Description, illustrations of the plant

Eriobotria Japanese (medlar, loquat, shesek), Eriobotrya japonica. Methods of application, origin of the plant, range, botanical description, cultivation

The genus Eriobotria, loquat, or Japanese medlar (Eriobotrya Lindl.), Rosaceae family, includes 10 species distributed wild in Southeast Asia. Only one species is cultivated - eriobotria, or Japanese medlar (Eriobotrya japonica Lindl.).

It grows wild in Central China. More than 1 thousand years ago it was introduced into culture in China and Japan. At the end of the XVII century. imported to Europe. The most widely cultivated in Japan, where they receive up to 30 thousand tons of fruits per year, as well as in the south of Europe (Italy, France, etc.) and Asia (India, Bangladesh, etc.), in Africa, in the south of the USA, in Latin America, Australia. In the Caucasus - in Adzharia, Abkhazia, Sochi and on the southern coast of Crimea. Productivity of 60-80 kg of fruits from a tree.

The fruits are consumed fresh and processed, they are used to make jam, jelly, drink, from the seeds - a coffee surrogate.

Eriobothria is an evergreen fruit tree (up to 6 m in height) or a large shrub.

The shoots of the inflorescence and the leaves below are felted from red hairs. Bisexual flowers are collected in inflorescences-panicles, in which there are up to 80 flowers.

Fruits are formed by cross-pollination and self-pollination, but with self-pollination, the yield is less. The fruits are juicy, the color varies from light green to orange, fragrant, high taste, fruit weight 30-80 g, contain 6-13,8% sugars, up to 0,6% acids, up to 2 mg / 100 g of vitamin C. Fruits with 2-3 large seeds.

Of the numerous varieties of Eriobothria, the best are Early Red (from California), Monreale (from Italy), Sukhumi population of seed origin, Tanaka (from Japan), Uze-fangzhong (from China), Large Agra, Golden Yellow (from India), Tams Pride (from Australia).

The best soils for Eriobothria are well-drained loamy soils. Under the influence of tropical rainfall, many trees die on poorly drained soils.

Enters fruiting from 2-3 years, the main crop at the age of 6 to 40 years. The plant is moisture-loving. The optimal annual rainfall is 1200-1500 mm. The plant is heat-loving, but in winter it withstands frosts down to minus 12 ° C, the fruits die at minus 7-8 ° C. Eriobothria is more hardy than feijoa. Grows well in deep fertile soils. In the subtropics, it has 2 waves of shoot growth - in spring and in June.

Flowering begins at the first autumn cooling and ends in December, sometimes dragging on until February-March. The fruits ripen in May-June. Propagated by seeds; to obtain varietal trees, eriobothria is usually grafted on hawthorn, less often on common quince and German medlar.

In many subtropical regions of Southeast Asia, it is an industrial crop. So, in India, Eriobothria gardens occupy about 1300 hectares, the main areas are located in the foothills of Uttar Pradesh (about 800 hectares), as well as in Punjab, Delhi, Assam, Gujarat and in the mountainous regions of South India.

In tropical conditions, it is cultivated only in ornamental horticulture, as it does not bear fruit due to the lack of low temperatures for laying and differentiating fruit buds. In North India, Eriobothria blooms from July to December-January. The fruits ripen in April, when there are very few other fruits.

The crown of trees is well formed in a natural way without the use of formative pruning. However, annual pruning is necessary to regulate fruit ripening. It is known that the best harvest is obtained from flowers that bloom in October-November. Therefore, annually in May, the tops of branches 5 cm long are cut off. This operation leads to the growth of new shoots, on which flowering begins in October-November. Such pruning contributes to a significant increase in yield.

The average yield per tree is about 16 kg. Thinning the ovaries is used to increase the size of the fruit.

Trees are planted at a distance of 8 m from each other. Irrigation is used during the fruiting period. Trees are fertilized with potash mineral fertilizers and cow manure (up to 100 kg per tree).

Eriobothria is propagated vegetatively by budding in February or September - October; grafting by approach, air and horizontal layering. For better rooting, layering is treated with growth regulators.

The most popular varieties are Golden Yellow, Improved Golden Yellow, Thames Pride, Large Pahe Yellow, Large Agra, as well as the late varieties California Advance and Tanaka.

In India, eriobothria is sometimes affected by rhizoctoniosis, the causative agent of which is the fungus Botryosphaeria ribis (they cause noticeable damage to the apple tree), and dieback, the causative agent is Macrophoma sp. Serious pests of Eriobothria were not found.

Authors: Baranov V.D., Ustimenko G.V.

Japanese medlar, Eriobotrya japonica. Botanical description of the plant, area, methods of application, cultivation

Until 1882, this medlar was known from the description of the biologist Thunberg as Mespilus japonica Thunb. in the monograph "Flora japonica" (1784). In the XNUMXth century, another scientist named Lindley revised the medlar and isolated this species into a completely independent genus - Eriobotrya Lindl.

This plant is often confused with the German medlar, or Caucasian (Mespilus germanica) is a similar but deciduous tree native to Europe and Southwest Asia, producing much less tasty, almost non-edible fresh and bare (not pubescent) fruits.

The scientific name of the genus Eriobotrya is formed from two Greek words: erion - wool and botrys - brush, bunch. It indicates a strong hairy pubescence of the inflorescence of the plant. The Russian name medlar is a borrowing from the Turkish language (musmula), which, in turn, came from the Greek movomovlo, where the fruit is called that, and the plant itself is Movomovlia.

Japanese medlar is a subtropical evergreen tree (unlike the deciduous German medlar) up to 8 m high with a hipped crown, morphologically similar to quince, pear, and hawthorn. Shoots and inflorescences have a reddish-gray color from dense felt pubescence. Whole oval leaves reach a length of 25 cm and a width of 7-8 cm, leathery, glossy above, pubescent below, sessile or with a short petiole.

Flowers 1-2 cm in size are collected in erect panicles at the ends of the shoots. Petals five, white or yellowish, columns two or three, stamens with yellowish-red anthers 20-40, sepals five, they are pubescent on the outside. It blooms from late September to March (on our Black Sea coast of the Caucasus - in November-December). However, Japanese medlar ovaries are very thermophilic and cannot tolerate even short-term frosts below -1°C. Therefore, on the northern border of the subtropics, the tree often grows and blooms, but does not bear fruit.

An adult plant in the spring forms fruits collected in dense brushes of 7-10 pieces. The shape of the fruits is varied - they are spherical, oval, flattened, ovoid and pear-shaped. Fruit sizes - from 3 (for wild) to 10 (for cultivars) centimeters, weight - from 20 to 100 g. The flesh is from white and pinkish to yellow-orange, from juicy and tender to more dense. The fruits of the loquat have a very harmonious taste, reminiscent of an apple, apricot, strawberry and cherry at the same time with a slight sour taste. Inside, in the juicy pulp, there are 2-3 (rarely 1-5) large seeds, which sometimes occupy up to 1/3 of the volume of the fruit.

On the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus, in Sochi and in Abkhazia, the fruits ripen in late May - early June, simultaneously with sweet cherry (bird cherry). The average yield from a tree is 60-80 kg, the maximum is 300 kg.

The homeland of the Japanese medlar is the humid subtropics of Southeast Asia (unlike the German medlar, which is native to Southeast Europe and Southwest Asia). In her homeland - in the foothills of the Himalayas, in Northern India, she grows, as a rule, on mountain slopes. To the north it reaches 35°N. in China and up to 38°N. in Japan. In the XNUMXth century, the Japanese medlar was brought to Europe. Japanese medlar grows in the southern Caucasus and the southern coast of Crimea.

The energy value of 100 g of the edible part of the Japanese loquat fruit is 40-48 calories. The pulp of ripe fruits contains: 11,4-13,5% dry matter; 0,2-0,7% protein; 0,2-0,6% fat; 0,5-0,9% fiber. The fruits contain 6,0-8,6% sugars (mainly glucose and fructose), 0,14-0,18% organic acids (mainly malic). Vitamin C contains little - up to 10 mg / 100 g. Vitamins B1 (0,02 mg / 100 g), B2 (0,04 mg / 100 g), B5 (0,2 mg / 100 g), beta- carotene (260-775 mg/kg). The mineral composition is represented by calcium (18-30 mg/100 g), phosphorus (14-36 mg/100 g), potassium (315-348 mg/100 g), iron (0,2-0,8 mg/100 g) , sodium (4 mg/100 g).

Loquat leaves contain a lot of tannins.

Japanese loquat is one of the earliest fruit crops, because blooms in autumn and winter, and ripens in early spring. Its fruits are eaten fresh, they are used to make glazed fruits, jams, marshmallows, marmalade, jam, compotes, liqueurs, juices, drinks that are not inferior in taste and aroma to products from peaches, citrus fruits, and other fruit crops. Loquat seeds are used to make a coffee surrogate. Fruit juice is easily fermented, forming a refreshing low-alcohol drink containing up to 4% alcohol.

Japanese loquat is used as a digestive aid and also as a diuretic. In Japan, patients suffering from asthma and bronchitis are treated with alcohol infusion of the fruits of the Japanese loquat. Decoctions from the leaves of Japanese medlar are considered a good antidiarrheal and hemostatic agent.

In Europe, the Japanese medlar was originally grown as an ornamental plant, but is now cultivated as a fruit plant. It is especially common in Israel, Spain, Italy and Abkhazia. Fruits go on sale usually in April (Israel), and May (Spain, Italy, Abkhazia). Fruits do not tolerate storage and transportation, therefore they are of little use for export.

Japanese loquat is of industrial importance in many countries. Large areas under it are occupied in Italy, Spain, Portugal, and the USA. In Japan and some provinces of China, medlar takes second place among fruit crops after citrus fruits. It is also cultivated in Italy, France and even in England. In the 70s. XNUMXth century she was brought to Sukhumi. Distributed throughout the Transcaucasus, in the subtropics of the Caucasus, on the southern coast of Crimea.

Japanese medlar, or loquat, has been grown in many countries of the world for a long time. From its "small homeland" - central and western China, it came to Japan, and from there - to Europe. The French brought it relatively recently - in 1784. A couple of years later, several specimens of Japanese medlar were planted in the Botanical Gardens near London (in 1787). There is a version that Europe first learned about the loquat even earlier, in the 17th century - and not from the French or the British, but from the work of the Jesuit missionary Mikhail Boim "Flora sinensis", as well as through the botanist Kaempfer, who visited Japan in 1690.

At present, thanks to the traditions of cultivation, Japanese medlar is much more widespread. Not only in Asia, but also in Europe, Japanese medlar can be found in the collections of botanical gardens or among amateur gardeners. This is the only species from the apple subfamily (Pomoideae), the species of which form the basis of fruit growing in countries with a temperate climate, cultivated in the tropics and subtropics.

In India, China and Japan, Japanese loquat has been cultivated since ancient times and its popularity continues to grow. Today, in Japan alone, about 10 thousand tons of fruits are harvested a year! In the second half of the 20th century, Japanese medlar began to be cultivated in the Crimea and on the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus, as well as in some US states - in Florida and California.

Japanese loquat (eriobothria) is grown in cool, well-lit rooms, as well as in greenhouses. It is propagated by fresh seeds soaked for 24 hours before sowing, and cuttings - at a temperature of 10 ° C. The optimum temperature for plants in winter is from +2 to +20 ° C; in summer, plants can be taken out into the open air. Lighting should be good, additional lighting is recommended in winter. Humidity is moderate. Abundant watering is required in summer, and moderate in winter. Top dressing in spring and summer with mullein infusion. Possible problems - falling of the lower leaves.

When grown as a houseplant, it should be borne in mind that Eriobothria does not tend to branch: when the growth point is removed, additional shoots are formed in the axils of only the upper two leaves. Therefore, in order to give it the shape of a "room tree", it is necessary to pinch the upper kidney in a timely manner.

Eriobotria Japanese (medlar, loquat, shesek), Eriobotrya japonica. Recipes for use in traditional medicine and cosmetology

Ethnoscience:

• Loquat tea: dried leaves and fruits of medlar can be used to make tea. Pour 1 tablespoon of crushed leaves and fruits with 250 ml of boiling water, let it brew for 5-10 minutes, then strain. This tea helps improve digestion, lower blood cholesterol levels and strengthen the immune system.
• Loquat syrup: grind 1 kg of fresh medlar fruit and mix with 1 kg of sugar and 2 liters of water. Boil over low heat until the syrup thickens. Use this syrup to treat coughs, colds and sore throats.
• Mask for the face: crush a few fresh medlar fruits and mix with 2 tablespoons of honey. Apply to face and leave on for 15-20 minutes, then rinse with warm water. This mask helps to moisturize and nourish the skin, as well as improve the complexion.
• Constipation treatment: an infusion of dried medlar fruit can be used to treat constipation. Pour 1 tablespoon of chopped fruits with 250 ml of boiling water, let it brew for 10-15 minutes, then strain. Drink 1-2 cups of infusion throughout the day.

Cosmetology:

• Mask for the face: chop a few fresh medlar fruits and mix with 1 tablespoon of olive oil and 1 tablespoon of honey. Apply to face and leave on for 15-20 minutes, then rinse with warm water. This mask will help hydrate and nourish your skin.
• Body Scrub: Mix together 1 cup ground oatmeal, 1/2 cup coconut oil, and 1/2 cup crushed medlar fruit. Massage the skin of the body with a scrub, then rinse with warm water. This scrub will help remove dead skin cells and improve skin texture.
• Hand cream: Mix together 1/4 cup shea butter, 1/4 cup coconut oil, 1/4 cup sweet almond oil, and 1/4 cup chopped loquat. Apply the cream on your hands, massage until completely absorbed. This cream will help moisturize and nourish the skin of the hands.
• Refreshing Facial Spray: Pour 1 cup of water with 1 tablespoon of crushed medlar leaves and fruits. Let it steep for 10-15 minutes, then strain and pour into a spray bottle. Use this spray to hydrate and refresh your face throughout the day.

Attention! Before use, consult with a specialist!

Eriobotria Japanese (medlar, loquat, shesek), Eriobotrya japonica. Tips for growing, harvesting and storing

Eriobotrya japonica (Eriobotrya japonica) is a tree native to China and Japan that is widely grown in tropical and subtropical regions of the world for the fruit known as loquat.

Tips for growing, harvesting and storing Japanese Eriobothria:

Cultivation:

• Eriobothria japonica prefers sunny locations and can be grown in a variety of soil types, but prefers well-drained, fertile, and slightly acidic soils.
• For growing from seeds, it is recommended to fill them with hot water and leave for several hours, and then plant them in pots or in the ground to a depth of 2-3 cm.
• The optimum temperature for seed germination is around 20-25°C.
• Plants need to be watered regularly, especially during growth and flowering. It is also recommended to fertilize them twice a year.
• The right time to pick the fruit is autumn and winter. The fruits can ripen on the tree for up to 6 months. The fruits should be picked when they are soft and slightly detached from the tree.

Workpiece:

• Harvested fruits must be processed immediately to avoid spoilage.
• Medlars can be used to make jams, jams, marmalade, compotes and other products. They can also be eaten fresh.
• Before use, the fruits must be peeled and seeds.

Storage:

• When storing medlar, it must be stored in a cool and dry place to avoid spoilage. It is also recommended not to store them for more than 2-3 weeks.

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