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CULTURAL AND WILD PLANTS
Sugar cane. Legends, myths, symbolism, description, cultivation, methods of application
Directory / Cultivated and wild plants Content
Sugar cane, Saccharum officinarum. Photos of the plant, basic scientific information, legends, myths, symbolism
Basic scientific information, legends, myths, symbolism Sort by: Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum) Family: Cane (Poaceae) Origin: Sugarcane originates from the New World but is now cultivated all over the world. Area: Sugarcane is cultivated in the tropics and subtropics around the world. Chemical composition: Sugar cane contains a large amount of sugar (sucrose) that is extracted from its stems. In addition, sugar cane contains B vitamins, iron, calcium and other trace elements. Economic value: Sugarcane is a source of sugar, which is one of the most common foods in the world. In addition, sugar cane is used to produce molasses and rum. Sugar cane is also an important crop for biofuel production. In agriculture, this plant is used as feed for livestock. Legends and myths: The symbolic meaning of sugar cane is associated with its ability to give sweetness. In many cultures, sugar has been a symbol of wealth and abundance, and its use has been associated with solemn and joyful occasions such as weddings and holidays. In some cultures, sugar was even used in religious ceremonies.
Sugar cane, Saccharum officinarum. Description, illustrations of the plant Sugar cane, Saccharum officinarum. Methods of application, origin of the plant, range, botanical description, cultivation
Sugar cane is the oldest cultivated plant and the only plant from which sugar is produced in tropical Africa, Oceania, in many countries of Latin America and Asia. In Europe, only Spain and Portugal (Madeira Island) produce sugar from sugar cane. When used rationally, sugarcane produces virtually no waste. Refined sugar, raw sugar, non-centrifuged sugar, sugarcane juice, molasses and products prepared with sugar, rum and soft drinks - all this finds wide demand in the market. India (the states of West Bengal and Bihar) and China are considered the birthplace of sugarcane culture. In these countries, various types of sugar cane have long been cultivated. When Alexander the Great in 327 BC. e. reached India, his warriors became acquainted with a beautiful cane, which "produced honey without the help of bees." The Russian word "sugar" goes back to the Sanskrit "sarkara" (sarcara), "sakkara" (sakkara). These names refer to condensed juice, unrefined sugar crystals that have become the subject of trade. The basis of this name of sugar entered many languages of the world. Columbus brought sugar cane to America during his second voyage to Santo Domingo, from where the cane was brought to Cuba in 1493. The development of the sugar industry in Latin America is closely related to the development of slavery. Spanish colonizers in 1516 brought the first slaves from Africa to Cuba. Sugar came to Europe during the Crusades. Crusaders got acquainted with the Arabs with sugar from sugar cane. In Russia, the first sugar was produced from imported raw sugar cane. On March 14, 1718, Peter I granted the merchant Pavel Vestov a privilege to produce refined sugar. In the XVIII century. in Russia, there were 7 refineries processing raw sugar from sugar cane. The first attempts to cultivate sugar cane in the south of Russia date back to the end of the 15th century. Later they were repeated many times, but were unsuccessful, since sugar cane is a crop of the tropics and subtropics. The reed planting area in the world is more than 60 million hectares, the yield of technical stems is about XNUMX t/ha. From India and China, the reed spread to Persia and Egypt, later to Spain in the region of Andalusia (1150) and to the islands off the western coast of Africa. Sugarcane penetrated deep into Africa slowly. Sugar refining was invented by the Arabs in the XNUMXth-XNUMXth centuries. The leading countries in terms of sugarcane planting areas are India, China, Egypt, Côte d'Ivoire, Tanzania, Madagascar, Cuba, Mexico, Brazil, Argentina, Colombia, Australia. In recent years, some developing countries, such as Côte d'Ivoire, Benin, Togo, Tanzania, Sri Lanka, have become successful in the cultivation of sugar cane and have reduced or stopped sugar imports. The use of cultivated sugar cane varies by country. Thus, in India, only 30% of cane stalks are processed to produce white sugar, 51% is used for the production of gur, and the rest is used as planting material and for other purposes. Sugarcane belongs to the genus Saccharum L, the family Bluegrass - Roaseae (syn. Cereals - Gramineae). Noble sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L) is one of 15 species of the genus Saccharum. The homeland of the species is the Malay Archipelago, New Guinea and some islands of Polynesia. Modern sugar cane is a polyhybrid group. The sugarcane species originally cultivated lost its disease resistance and was subjected to artificial cross-breeding. The offspring of these hybrids is currently the main production range of cane.
Barber's sugar cane (S. bagberi Jesw.), Chinese sugar cane (S. sinense Roxb.), gigantic sugar cane (S. robustum Grassl.), wild sugar cane (S. spontaneum L.) are found in cultivation and in the wild . They do not have much production value, but are used together with noble sugarcane in crossbreeding to obtain new forms. Noble sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L) is a perennial herbaceous plant 4-6 m high, stem diameter up to 5 cm. Stem weight from 2 to 7 kg. The stem consists of nodes and internodes 5 to 30 cm long, the stems are sometimes stained with anthocyanin. Inflorescence - pyramidal large sprawling panicle 50-80 cm long. The leaves are wide and long, alternate, opposite, similar in shape to corn. The stem accumulates 12-15, sometimes up to 20% sucrose. The plant has a heterotic appearance. The chemical composition of sugar cane: fiber 14-17% (average 16), water - 63-75 (average 65), juice dry matter - 17-22, reducing sugars - 0,1-1,0, soluble impurities - 1,5 -2,5, sucrose - 12-20% (average 15,5). The sugar cane stalk is an economic part of the harvest and at the same time planting material for the cultivation of cane. The upper part of the stem contains little sucrose and is not used for processing in sugar factories. The color of the stem serves as a varietal characteristic, more often the stem is yellow, green, red and purple. The mass of the stem is on average 1,5-2 kg, which depends on the variety and age of the harvested cane. The surface of the internodes is usually smooth, covered with a wax coating, except for the growth ring. The ring of growth is a narrow zone that has the ability to grow. A downed reed bends the stem upwards under the influence of one-sided elongation of the growth ring. In all cultivars it is narrow, while in wild species it is wide. The bud is located in the zone of the root belt, above the stem node directly on the leaf scar or slightly higher (in the axil of the leaf sheath). Usually there is 1 bud on each internode, sometimes a bud is absent on several internodes or on the entire stem, at the same time there are 2 or more buds on one internode. The kidney is an embryonic shoot. There are buds rounded, oblong, with different venation patterns. A sugar cane cutting planted in the soil forms temporary (primary) roots that emerge from the root belt during the initial period of growth. Their number in different varieties is not the same. Permanent (secondary) roots appear from the root belts of the lower internodes of the shoots. Aerial roots sometimes grow from the root belts of the internodes above the surface and serve to strengthen the plants in the soil as well as supply them with nutrients. The root system of the cutting provides the growing shoots with water and nutrients during the period from planting to the formation of permanent roots. About 80% of sugar cane roots are located at a depth of 60 cm and 0,5-1,0 m along the radius from the plant. After cutting the stems, the reed roots remain active for a long time and then die off, as new shoots form their root system. The inflorescence of sugar cane is a sprawling panicle with a straight cylindrical axis up to 50-80 cm long and branches of the 2nd, 3rd and even 4th orders. Spikelets are arranged in pairs. One sitting, the second on the leg. The spikelet is surrounded at the base by a ring of long silky hairs. There are 2 flowers in a spikelet. One flower is bisexual, has a separate stigma and 3 stamens, the second is reduced to a scale. The panicle forms up to 20-30 thousand flowers, but much less seeds are tied. Reed is a wind pollinated plant.
The fruit of the reed is a caryopsis, very small in size. When sowing seeds in the selection process, the completed grain cannot be separated from the unfulfilled ones, and sowing is carried out with the entire mass of spikelets collected from the inflorescence. As the cane grows, the old leaves lose their physiological activity, die off and often fall off. The degree of leaf fall is a varietal trait and determines the purity of the stems during mechanized harvesting. Sugarcane grows well in slightly acidic and slightly alkaline soils, but the best soils for it are those with a neutral reaction. It is successfully cultivated on red soils and yellow soils of the countries of the tropical zone. In India, extensive sugar cane plantations are located on black, gray tropical, alluvial, red-brown and red-yellow lateritic soils. Soil moisture, which is 70-80% of the FPV, is considered optimal. The optimum relative air humidity for reeds is 70%, but by the time of harvesting, some reduction is desirable. Vegetation features. Sugarcane is a tropical plant with a C4 photosynthesis cycle. According to the reaction to photoperiodism, sugarcane is a short-day plant and photophilous. As we move to the northern latitudes, the plants do not bloom, their growing season lengthens and the nature of sugar accumulation changes. Light is the determining factor in obtaining the maximum yield of sugar per unit area. In cloudy weather, the accumulation of sugar in the stems is reduced. Sugarcane can grow and form high yields of technical stems in various climatic and soil regions of the world. In the mountains, sugarcane rises quite high. On the island of Java, reed plantations are found at an altitude of 1000 m, in Mexico - up to 1900, and in Bolivia - up to 3150 m. The optimal height above sea level for reed is determined at 500-700 m. The optimum temperature for sugarcane growth and nutrient uptake is 25-30°C. Temperatures below 20°C limit the development of the root system, and below 10°C cause a sharp stunting of plant growth. Lowering the temperature to 0 ° C causes the death of the upper leaves and stem buds. The minimum temperature for bud germination is 9-12 °C. In general, such a thermal regime is favorable, in which the temperature is increased during the period of intensive growth, and somewhat reduced during maturation. A decrease in temperature during the ripening period with reduced soil moisture contributes to the process of converting monosaccharides into sucrose. Sugar cane is a moisture-loving plant, transpiration coefficient is 400-500. It can be cultivated without irrigation with an annual rainfall of more than 1200-1500 mm and their uniform distribution over the growing season. When precipitation is below 1000 mm, the reed must be irrigated. In the humid tropics, where 1500-2000 mm of precipitation falls, there is also a need for irrigation. This is due to the fact that the yield is affected not so much by the total amount of precipitation, but by their distribution throughout the year. The life cycle of sugar cane is divided into a growth period and a ripening period, which differ sharply in the plant's water requirements. The water supply should ensure the continuous growth of plants for 6-8 months. Then a dry period is needed as a factor inhibiting growth and thereby stimulating the accumulation of sucrose, but the amount of water should be reduced gradually. After the rainy period, at least 60 days must elapse before the cane harvest begins.
The nutritional characteristics of sugar cane plants are determined by their age. In most parts of the world, cane plantations are harvested annually when the plants are cut 12 months after planting. In these areas, it is desirable to apply full fertilizer as early as possible and to diagnose the state of the mineral nutrition of plants. Nutrients are most actively absorbed during the period of tillering and intensive growth. Phosphorus plays an essential role in root formation and seedling development. At the age of 6 months, the reed absorbs more than 50% of this element. The absorption of phosphorus increases with increased soil acidity (pH 4,5-5), and decreases on alkaline soils. Potassium is most strongly consumed in the first 6 months of cane vegetation and before harvesting, when sucrose is intensively formed. After planting the cuttings, primary roots appear from the zone of the root belt (up to 40-50 pieces), and then the bud starts to grow. The time between planting and germination (the formation of the first 2 leaves) is 10-12 days at the optimum germination temperature. The germination of sugar cane buds in the field averages 45-60%. Planting period - seedlings last 15-18, sometimes up to 40 days. The formation of lateral shoots from the lower underground buds begins 10-15 days after emergence and lasts 4,0-4,5 months. The main stem (shoot of the 1st order) appears from the primary bud, shoots of the 1nd order form from the buds of the 2st order shoot, etc. The number of shoots on one plant ranges from 8 to 40. Late shoots turn yellow and die as closing the row spacing with leaves and stopping lighting. In the tillering phase, the root system of the reed is formed. After the leaves close between the rows, the period of intensive plant growth begins. In the tropics, it lasts 6-8 months or more, the daily growth of the stem in length is 1-2 cm, and the monthly growth is more than 50 cm. The growth of green mass and the yield of technical stems depend on the amount of precipitation falling during this period. The period of intensive reed growth can be extended by irrigation and nitrogen fertilization during the dry season. The onset of dry and cool seasons causes a decrease in growth processes in reed plants, they lose some of their leaves and move on to the next phase of development - maturation. This phase is characterized by the suspension of growth processes and the accumulation of sucrose in the stems. Their technical ripeness corresponds to the maximum content of sucrose and its uniform distribution along the stem. By the time of harvesting, the reed has reduced the number of active green leaves at the top. The technical maturation of the reed stems occurs at the beginning of the appearance of the panicle. In practice, to control the maturity of the stems, hand-held refractometers are used, which determine the concentration of soluble solids in a drop of juice. The ratio of refractometer readings of the juice of the upper and lower internodes (according to the accepted method of 3rd from above and 3rd from below) is 0,95-0,98 and is considered a sign of good technical ripeness of the stems. In the tropics, reed as a short-day plant blooms in the dry season. When a cane plant reaches a certain stage of development, its apical bud forms an inflorescence. A sign of the onset of flowering is the formation of the last leaf with a very elongated sheath and a short leaf blade, which is usually located horizontally and is called the "flag". Under production conditions, cane flowering is undesirable, since a part of the previously accumulated sucrose is spent on it and the further formation of seeds. With the help of a number of agricultural practices (fertilizers, irrigation), it can be delayed. Chemical control of flowering sugar cane is also used. The development of sugar cane of the 2nd and subsequent years (ratoon, retogno) begins with the regrowth phase after felling. The length of time a sugarcane plantation is cultivated varies greatly, from an annual crop in the USA to 5 cuts in 7 years in Cuba. Breeding varieties of cane are obtained mainly by crossing the most productive plants selected from populations with the participation of immune species. Vegetative propagation of cane makes it possible to quickly spread the most productive varieties and use the phenomenon of heterosis for a long time. The main goals pursued by breeders when breeding new varieties of sugar cane are high yields and a high percentage of sucrose in the juice, resistance to diseases and pests, a certain period of technical maturation that would suit production, drought resistance, even stems, adaptability to local soils. -climatic conditions, good responsiveness to high agricultural technology. In recent years, the variety has also been evaluated for suitability for mechanized harvesting. Hundreds of varieties of sugar cane are widespread in production, differing in morphology and economic characteristics. The choice of variety depends on the purpose of cultivation: for sugar, syrup, juice and non-centrifuged sugar. In Argentina, the structure of cane plantations includes 30% early-ripening (harvesting in June-July), 30% of mid-ripening (harvesting in July-August) and 40% of late-ripening varieties (harvesting in September-October). With appropriate agricultural technology, the new Argentine varieties Tuc.56-19 and N.A.56-30 form the yield of technical stems up to 110-120 t/ha with a sugar yield of up to 10-11 t/ha.
In Cuba, sugar cane varieties are divided into industrial, promising and limited cultivation. Industrial varieties occupy more than 1% of the total area of cane in the country. Among them, S. 87-51, PR 980, Ja. 60-5. In addition, varieties are being assessed in the country for adaptability to short (12-14 months) and long (17-20 months) harvesting cycles. Planting material of sugar cane are parts of the stem - cuttings. Most often, cuttings are used, which are cut from the upper and middle parts of the stem. The cuttings must have at least 2 buds (3-4 in practice), their length is 25-30 cm. Planting cane with whole stems does not provide friendly seedlings, since the buds of the upper part of the stem germinate much earlier. Landings are obtained uneven in terms of the degree of development of plants and sparse. For harvesting cuttings, plants of 7-8 months of age, healthy, well developed, are used. It is recommended to cut the stems into cuttings with a sharp knife (machete) so that the cut is smooth and vertical (straight). For disinfection, the knife is periodically treated with Lysol. The distance from the cut to the kidney should be at least 2-3 cm. In the case of transportation of planting material, the stems are transported with leaves and removed before planting, during the preparation of cuttings. It is recommended that the cuttings be soaked in water at 50°C for 2 hours before planting. Preparation is carried out manually. The application of fertilizers of the formula 10-3,5-20 under the cane in the seed plots 4-6 weeks before cutting it for planting promotes rapid germination and further more intensive growth. The biological feature of sugar cane to grow back after cutting and harvesting allows it to be cultivated for several years without a new planting. In Cuba, cane plantations are often found, cultivated for 10-12 years. In Brazil, the usual period of use of cane plantings is 5-6 years, in Peru - 6-8. In the tropics, reed is grown both as a perennial (permanent) crop and in crop rotation; in the subtropics, as a rule, only in crop rotation. In some countries sugar cane monoculture predominates. In Brazil, after reed plowing, plantations are sown with alfalfa for 1 year or left fallow, after which they are again occupied with reed. The view that plantation productivity decreases with continued use as a result of soil depletion and the spread of pests and diseases has recently been reconsidered. Fertilizers and plant protection products slow down the decline in yields in perennial cane crops. It is noted that, subject to sufficient fertilizer application, the highest yield of cane is not in the 1st, but in the 3-5th year after planting. In India, green manure is widely used for sugar cane. Good predecessors for cane are fertilized row crops (corn, sesame, sweet potato) and rice. In Northern India, crop rotation with cane includes wheat, cotton, legumes, rapeseed, corn, sorghum, in Eastern India - rice. In this country, reed is grown in one place for 3-4 years. When preparing the soil for sugar cane, it should be taken into account that its main cultivation can be carried out only once every 3-4 years (sometimes every 5-8 years), depending on the plantation cultivation cycle. The general technology of soil preparation for reeds includes the following operations: basic plowing with a disc plow, cultivation and crushing of the remaining stems and roots, cultivation using a cutter, sowing of legumes. In all cases, when cultivating the soil, attention is paid to the preservation of moisture in it, and during the main processing - to the time of its implementation and depth. On soils of heavy mechanical composition, the tiller is processed in the direction of the planting rows. Under conditions of irrigation and mechanized cultivation of reeds, field planning is of great importance, and in areas with excess water, drainage is important. The soil preparation cycle for planting is 50-60 days for old arable areas and more than 60 days for the development of new lands. The intervals between individual types of work during the cycle remain large (5-10 days) during the first treatments and are reduced (4-5 days) during subsequent ones. The main plowing is carried out with a disk plow to the depth of the arable layer (30-35 cm), repeated (re-plowing) - with the same plow in the transverse direction to the main plowing. Subsoiler tillage is used to reduce soil density in mechanized and cane harvested areas or in soils with poor drainage. On soils that are light in texture, old-arable, as well as clean and cultivated, cane planting can be carried out in the aisles of the former only when cutting planting furrows. The main tillage begins 2-3 months before planting. In all cases, when cultivating the soil, it is important not to dry it out, to retain moisture. Manure and compost are brought under the main tillage, and green fertilizers (green manure) are plowed in a month before planting.
Of interest is the technology of preparing a plantation for sugarcane in African countries, where it is introduced as a new crop. So, in Côte d'Ivoire, the preparation of a plantation involves cutting down forests, uprooting stumps and shrubs, which are collected in rolls with a distance of up to 200 m from each other and burned. Then the field is leveled and plantation plowing is carried out to a depth of 50 cm, while the distance between the teeth of the subsoiler should not exceed 50 cm. Finally, the field is cleared of large stones with a diameter of more than 10 cm. subsequent harrowing. Planting furrows are cut to a depth of 20 cm, while the distance between the furrows is 150 cm. Every 11 furrows (rows of reeds) leave 2 m for the subsequent laying of irrigation pipes. When cultivating the soil for planting sugar cane in Cuba, they distinguish between preparing the soil for new (developed) areas and processing old arable, including old plantings of sugar cane. The period of the year of planting sugar cane (autumn dry and spring rainy) is also important in conditions of pronounced seasonality of precipitation, the duration of the general cycle of soil preparation and the intervals between individual treatments of the general cycle. In the conditions of Cuba, the involvement of new areas (development areas) is associated with the development of lands under forest and areas occupied by pastures. The full cycle of soil preparation for reed planting in this case takes a long time. When plowing old plantations and preparing them for new plantings (especially with sugar cane monoculture), these plantations should be harvested during the first safra period (November-December) to allow cane planting in March (under irrigation conditions). When cultivating cane without irrigation, soil preparation work should be completed in March-April. When planting sugar cane, it is most common to lay cuttings or stems on the bottom of the furrow and then cover them. But sometimes they use (on waterlogged soils) vertical planting of cuttings in holes, while the upper bud remains above the soil surface and does not hide. Reed planting is the least mechanized in the entire technology of its cultivation. The cuttings are laid out in furrows in 1 or 2 rows. The depth of the furrow up to 25-30 cm is determined by the type of soil, but the shelter of the cuttings in all cases is minimal - from 2,5 to 15 cm. The consumption rate of planting material by weight is from 2,5 to 10 t/ha, by quantity - from 25 to 50 thousand cuttings with 3 buds. It is also possible to use seedlings for laying seed nurseries: a stalk with 1 bud is planted in a pallet nest, where it is grown up to 3 months. With a planting scheme in a field of 1,4 x 0,5 m, 1 plants are required per 14 ha. Cane consumption is about 285 t/ha with 2% bud germination. The depth of planting and the thickness of the cover layer are of great importance. For loose developed soils with good drainage, it is advisable to cut furrows to a depth of 25-40 cm, taking into account irrigation along the furrows. When cultivating sugarcane without irrigation or with sprinkler irrigation, the depth of the furrows is 15-30 cm. In tropical countries, planting dates most often coincide with the rainy season. The most optimal planting dates in non-irrigated areas are spring (before the rains begin) or autumn (when the rains stop). Care includes control over the formation of stems and replanting (repair), weed control, hilling, irrigation, top dressing, etc. The care period takes 5-8 months from the time of planting to the closing of the cane leaves between the rows. Care of plantings of the 1st year of culture is relatively simple, but time-consuming. It consists of manual or chemical weeding, row-spacing loosening, plant hilling, fertilization and irrigation. The mechanized cultivation of plantations differs according to the years of planting and the use of cane. During spring planting on red ferrallitic soils, the most optimal period for hilling is 80-90 days after planting, which ensures weed control and forms a row for combine harvesting. The cultivation of row spacings of sugar cane in subsequent years, in turn, has features that are associated with the method of harvesting: whether the cane is harvested with or without preliminary burning of the leaves. Our experiments on studying the effect of mechanized processing of row spacings and a set of processing machines during combine harvesting of cane with preliminary burning of leaves showed the effectiveness of using a cutter for cutting stubble (reed stalks) after harvesting by a combine at the level of the soil surface. The best results in the fight against monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous weeds on reed plantations are obtained when Gesaprim-80 is applied before germination and after germination of Gesapax-80 herbicide. In practice, various methods of applying herbicides are common. With repeated application of the herbicide, a mixture of gesaprim and gesapax is possible at a dose of 6+3 kg/ha. For new planting cane, a mixture of gesapax and diuron at a dose of 5+5 kg/ha is effective on red ferrallitic soils. For the formation of 1 ton of technical stems, 12,24 mm of precipitation is required. For the formation of 1 ton of sugar, 1376 tons of moisture are consumed, 1 ton of dry matter - 150-400 tons (on average 200-400 tons). To determine the timing of irrigation, great importance is attached to determining the lower limit of soil moisture before irrigation. On the red ferrallitic soils of Cuba, it is recommended to irrigate sugar cane at a maximum moisture content of at least 80% of the full field capacity. The depth of the active layer when calculating irrigation rates is taken within 0,6-0,8, less often - 1,0 m. Irrigation rates of more than 1000 m3/ha lead to water losses for filtration. Carrying out frequent watering with small norms contributes to the development of the root system in the surface layers of the soil, therefore it is recommended to increase the irrigation norms and irrigation periods. It is believed that the average irrigation periods should be 15 days at an irrigation rate of 762 m3/ha. The first watering is carried out after planting the cane cuttings in the furrows. For subsequent irrigation, a temporary network of furrows and sprinklers is cut. For the red ferrallitic soils of Cuba, the irrigation rate is 1650 mm, the irrigation periods are 15-16 days. By the ripening of the reed, the irrigation rates are reduced, and the inter-irrigation periods are increased. During the growing season, on average, they give from 8 to 15 waterings. Inter-irrigation periods in the absence of rains are 15-20 days, and irrigation rates are 500-870 mm. Optimal moistening conditions are created when the soil moisture during the period of tillering and intensive growth of the reed is not less than 70-80% of the total moisture capacity, and 3 months before harvesting, the soil moisture should not exceed 70% of the total moisture capacity. The number of irrigations by climatic zones varies from 1 to 30. On sugarcane plantations, irrigation is used along furrows, strips, subsoil and channel sprinkling. With the ratio of sugar cane plantations to furrows, the irrigation rate is up to 1000 m3 / ha on loamy and 750 m3 / ha on sandy loamy soils. Sprinkler irrigation is carried out on uneven areas and with limited water supplies. Watering is stopped 1,5 months before harvest.
To create 1 ton of technical stems, sugar cane consumes 0,50-0,55 kg of nitrogen, P2O5 - 0,36-0,59, K2O - 1,0-1,36 kg. Nitrogen occupies the first place among the nutrients. The M:P:K ratio for cane should be 3:2:3-4. In the first 20-25 days of growth, the reed makes better use of ammonium and then nitrate nitrogen. The physical rate of nitrogen application for reeds by country is taken from 60-120 to 340-500 kg/ha. From organic fertilizers for reed, plant residues after felling, manure, composts and waste from reed processing in factories are used. Reed harvesting technology involves cutting the stem, removing its top and leaves, and dividing it into parts. The stems must be delivered to the plant cleaned of leaves, since the latter reduce the purity of the juice during processing and the yield of sugar. Manual harvesting of cane is a laborious process. Combine harvesting is the most efficient. For example, in Cuba combines KTP-1, KTP-2 replace 20-30 cutters at harvest. The success of using a combine for harvesting depends on the evenness of the soil on the plantation and on the degree of fall of dry leaves. For better cleaning of the stems, the harvester carries out preliminary burning of the leaves, but this is possible on technical sugar cane plantations. The scheme for processing sugar cane at factories includes the following operations:
Industrial waste from sugarcane processing is also of economic importance. Authors: Baranov V.D., Ustimenko G.V.
Sugar cane, Saccharum officinarum. Recipes for use in traditional medicine and cosmetology
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Sugar cane, Saccharum officinarum. Tips for growing, harvesting and storing
Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum) is a herbaceous plant known for its sweet stems, which are used to produce sugar. Tips for growing, harvesting and storing sugar cane: Cultivation:
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