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CULTURAL AND WILD PLANTS
Wolfberry ordinary (deadly wolfberry, wolf's bast). Legends, myths, symbolism, description, cultivation, methods of application
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Common wolfberry (deadly wolfberry, wolf's bast), Daphne mezereum. Photos of the plant, basic scientific information, legends, myths, symbolism
Basic scientific information, legends, myths, symbolism Sort by: Wolfberry (Daphne) Family: Heathers (Thymelaeaceae) Origin: The common wolfberry comes from Northern Europe and Asia. Area: The common wolfberry grows in the northern regions of Europe and Asia, including in Russia. Chemical composition: Wolfberry contains coumarins, flavonoids, alkaloids, glycosides, essential oils, tannins. The leaves and bark of the plant contain poisonous alkaloids - daphne and meserein. Economic value: The common wolfberry is grown as an ornamental plant due to its bright flowers and aroma. However, it should be remembered that all parts of the plant are poisonous and can cause serious poisoning. In folk medicine, some types of wolfberries are prescribed as an antipyretic and analgesic. In pharmacology, some components of the plant are used as raw materials for the production of medicines. However, the use of the wolfberry for medical purposes should only be under the supervision of specialists. Legends, myths, symbolism: In medieval Europe, the wolfberry was associated with magic and was used in various rituals and spells. In some cultures, its roots have been used to treat diseases, but it is also poisonous and can cause serious poisoning.
Common wolfberry (deadly wolfberry, wolf's bast), Daphne mezereum. Description, illustrations of the plant Wolfberry ordinary (wolf's bast), Daphne mezereum. Botanical description of the plant, areas of growth and ecology, economic importance, applications
Family Volcheyagodnikovye, class Dicotyledonous, department Angiosperms. Wolfberries are small bushes with a height of 30 to 150 cm. They bloom before the leaves bloom, in April - early May. Flowers with a strong pleasant smell, pink-red color, located on the branches from top to bottom, 3-5 in clusters. All parts of the plant are highly poisonous! The wolfberry has long been also called the wolf's bast. The bark of this shrub is very tear-resistant, fibrous, and fibrous. It is very difficult to pluck a wolfberry branch. That's why they called him - bast. And it is wolfish, probably because the bark has a very burning taste and is very poisonous! In early spring, the bare thin branches of the wolf's bast are covered with flowers gathered together in 2-3 pieces, resembling lilac flowers. Their perianth is slightly elongated into a tube. The flowers produce nectar that attracts many insects.
Fruits are formed from flowers in the middle of summer - bright red shiny drupes the size of a pea. They look attractive, but remember - the fruits are very poisonous! In nature, this plant becomes rare. If you meet a flowering wolf's bast in the spring in the forest, do not seek to destroy it, take care. Wolfberry is one of the earliest and most generous honey plants. It is also used as a medicinal plant: infusions from the bark relieve rheumatic pains. Authors: Kozlova T.A., Sivoglazov V.I.
Common wolfberry (deadly wolfberry, wolf's bast), Daphne mezereum. Botanical description of the plant, area, methods of application, cultivation
The genus Daphne was first described by K. Linnaeus and he also gave the name Daphne, which means "laurel" in Greek, for the similarity of the leaves of these plants with the leaves of laurel. According to ancient Greek myth, Daphne turned into a laurel tree, running away from Apollo chasing her. Deciduous low-branched shrub up to 1,5 m high with a strong stem and branches, leafless in the lower part. The root system is superficial. Old shoots are covered with yellowish-gray wrinkled bark, leafless at the base, above - with traces of fallen leaves; young shoots shortly appressed-pubescent. Kidneys are alternate with numerous spirally arranged scales with a clearly visible border, the terminal ones are up to 5-7 mm long, the lateral ones are smaller. The leaves are alternate, dark green, narrow, glossy above and bluish below, ciliate along the edges, oblong oblanceolate, close together, located at the ends of the shoots on short petioles, simple, entire, 3-8 cm long and 1-2 cm wide. The flowers are bisexual, mostly pink, rarely white (variety Daphne mezereum var. album) and other shades, fragrant, melliferous, usually sitting in bunches of 2-3-5 or singly on bare shoots in the axils of last year's fallen leaves. Perianth simple, four-parted, 1-1,5 cm in diameter, tubular, nail-shaped, formed by fused petal-like sepals. The anthers are arranged in two rows at the entrance to the perianth tube. Tube 6-8 cm long, appressed-hairy on the outside, limb lobes ovoid, 1,5 times shorter than the tube. Corolla four-petal. There are eight stamens, four each one above the other, sitting on a tube near the pharynx. Ovary upper unilocular, stigma capitate, almost sessile; the stalk of the ovary in the form of a ring is covered by pistillate scales. It blooms in early spring (April - early May) before the leaves bloom (or simultaneously with them). Pollinated by insects. Bright flowers that appear in the forest before the leaves bloom near the trees attract the attention of pollinators, among which are mainly bees, less often riders and butterflies. Insects are also attracted by nectar secreted at the base of the ovary. The flowers are protogyny. When an insect's proboscis penetrates the perianth tube, the pollen from the anthers surrounding the tube does not stick to it, as it is not sticky. Further, the proboscis touches the stigma, located much lower, and, finally, the nectaries. From the nectar, the proboscis becomes sticky, and when the insect pulls it out, it again comes into contact with the anthers. This time, the pollen sticks to the proboscis and is thus transferred to another flower. The fruits are bright red oval juicy drupes the size of a cherry stone with spherical shiny seeds. The bone is broadly oval. Fruits in late July - August. In 1 kg there are 4 thousand drupes, or 33 thousand seeds. The weight of one drupe is 0,3 ± 0,04 g. The embryo occupies almost the entire seed, the endosperm is completely or almost completely absent, and the cotyledons perform the storage function. All parts of the plant, especially the fruits, contain a sharply burning poisonous juice. It occurs almost throughout Europe, in Transcaucasia (Armenia, Azerbaijan, northern Iran). As an alien, the plant has naturalized throughout the temperate zone. It grows more often in the undergrowth of dark coniferous and mixed forests, less often in broad-leaved forests of the forest-steppe. In the southern regions - in the subalpine belt of mountains. It grows well and branches with light clarification.
The whole plant is poisonous, because. contains diterpenoids (daphnetoxin, meserein), coumarins (daphnin, daphnetin, etc.). Occasionally bred in gardens as an ornamental plant, notable for early flowering in spring and bright fruit in autumn. The bast from the branches was used earlier for weaving women's hats and other small items. On the island of Hokkaido (Japan), the juice of the plant was used by the Ainu to wet the tip of harpoons when hunting walruses. Due to the poisonousness of the wolfberry, its use for decorative purposes is limited. Two garden forms are given in the literature: Daphne mezereum f. variegata with variegated leaves and Daphne mezereum f. autumnalls, which is remarkable in that it blooms in late autumn (November and December) and has not pink, but lilac flowers.
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