A viscous liquid of electrons flowing in graphene. Free Technical Library News

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Viscous liquid of electrons flowing in graphene

06.03.2023

For the first time, scientists have directly measured the "liquid flow" of electrons in graphene at nanometer resolution.

Physicists at the University of Wisconsin-Madison have observed how a stream of electrons turns into an analogue of a viscous liquid when it encounters interference inside a conductor.

Graphene is a two-dimensional atom-thick carbon material arranged in a honeycomb pattern. It is a pure electrical conductor in which electrons practically do not feel resistance. For the experiment, the researchers added obstacles at controlled distances to the graphene and then applied an electric current through it.

"In the study, we show how charge flows around an impurity, and actually see how this impurity blocks current and causes resistance, which has not been done before to distinguish between gaseous and liquid electron flows," says Zak Krebs, a graduate student in the Wisconsin Physics Department. University of Wisconsin-Madison and study co-author

The study showed that at temperatures close to absolute zero, the electrons in graphene behave like a gas: they move in all directions and collide more often than interact with each other. In this situation, the resistance is higher and the electron flow is relatively inefficient, the authors note.

On the contrary, at higher temperatures (about 77 K or -196 °C), electrons begin to interact with each other, as a result, they begin to move like a viscous (Newtonian) fluid. This process resembles a river flowing around a rock. At the same time, the resistance in graphene is lower, and the electron flow is more efficient. The physicists found that regardless of the distance between the obstacles, the voltage drop was much lower at 77K than at 4K.

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